assata shakur black liberation army

Her family struggled financially and argued frequently; Shakur spent little time at home. [12] She attended for a while before dropping out. [138][139] Kunstler became involved in Shakur's trials in 1975, when contacted by Williams, and commuted from New York City to New Brunswick every day with Stern. [89] While in the holding pen, they listened to the proceedings over loudspeakers. [206][207] The book was published by Lawrence Hill & Company in the United States and Canada but the copyright is held by Zed Books Ltd. of London due to "Son of Sam" laws, which restrict who can receive profits from a book. [115] In November 1974, New York State Supreme Court Justice Peter Farrell dismissed the attempted murder indictment because of insufficient evidence, declaring "The court can only note with disapproval that virtually a year has passed before counsel made an application for the most basic relief permitted by law, namely an attack on the sufficiency of the evidence submitted by the grand jury. [70] Ball's questioning ended with the following exchange: On that night of May 2[n]d, did you shoot, kill, execute or have anything to do with the death of Trooper Werner Foerster? [120][121] The trial was delayed until 1976,[119] when Shakur was represented by Stanley Cohen and Evelyn Williams. Hepp, Rick (October 31, 2004). Wilfredo, Cancio Isla (December 18, 2007). A photograph of a woman (who was later alleged to be Shakur) wearing thick-rimmed black glasses, with a high hairdo pulled tightly over her head, and pointing a gun, was widely displayed in banks. Butler, Vincent (August 24, 1973). [219] In the letter, Waters explained her opposition, calling COINTELPRO "illegal, clandestine political persecution". [134][151] Five jurors had personal ties to State Troopers (one girlfriend, two nephews, and two friends). [81], Sundiata Acoli, Assata Shakur, Trooper Harper, and a New Jersey Turnpike driver who saw part of the incident were the only surviving witnesses. [149], A total of 408 potential jurors were questioned during the voir dire, which concluded on February 14. [91], Sadiki's lawyer, Robert Bloom, attempted to have the trial dismissed and then postponed due to new "revelations" regarding the credibility of White, a former co-defendant by then working for the prosecution. After she ran away from home several times, her aunt, who would later act as one of her lawyers, took her in. Three indictments were dismissed without trial. Middlesex County Ethics Committee v. Garden State Bar Ass'n, 457 U.S. 423 (1982). [150] The driver traveling north on the turnpike testified that he had seen a State Trooper struggling with a Black man between a white vehicle and a State Trooper car, whose revolving lights illuminated the area. [52] After her capture, however, Shakur was not charged with any of the crimes for which she was purportedly the subject of the manhunt. [115] Shakur and co-defendant Ronald Myers were accused of entering the bar with pistols and shotguns, taking $50 from the register, kidnapping the bartender, leaving a note demanding a $20,000 ransom from the bar owner, and fleeing in a rented truck. Revolution, the Black Liberation Army, escape from prison and seeking political refuge in Cuba- Assata Shakur writes about her life. [134] The Roots TV miniseries adapted from the book and shown shortly before the trial was believed to have evoked feelings of "guilt and sympathy" with many white viewers. He was sentenced to life in prison in 1974 for murdering a New Jersey state trooper. Shakur herself was called as a witness on March 15, the first witness called by the defense; she denied shooting either Harper or Foerster, and also denied handling a weapon during the incident. Shakur still frequently visited her grandparents in the south. 473 (D.N.J. [149] Trooper Harper's reports then state that he ran to the rear of his car and shot at Shakur who had exited the vehicle and was firing from a crouched position next to the vehicle. [13], Shakur attended Borough of Manhattan Community College (BMCC) and then the City College of New York (CCNY) in the mid-1960s, where she became involved in many political activities, civil rights protests, and sit-ins. On May 2, 1973, Assata was driving with Zayd Malik Shakur and Sundiata Acoli on the New Jersey Turnpike when New Jersey state troopers stopped them. One officer said that they had created a "myth" to "demonize" Shakur because she was "educated", "young and pretty". [62] Mutulu Shakur and Marilyn Buck were convicted in 1988 of several robberies as well as the prison escape. Hanley, Robert (November 4, 1979). [195][200] In 1985, her daughter, Kakuya, who had been raised by Shakur's mother in New York, came to live with her. Waggoner, Walter H. (March 17, 1977). [123], One bank employee testified that Shakur was one of the bank robbers, but three other bank employees (including two tellers) testified that they were uncertain. She spent 6 and a half years in prison before . (blackhistorymonth.org.uk) A Troubled Childhood Assata Shakur was born JoAnne Deborah Byron in Queens in 1947. [184], In early 1979, "the Family", a group of BLA members, began to plan Shakur's escape from prison. "Our tinderboxes for radical violence". [59] The vehicle was "slightly" exceeding the speed limit. "Squire Charged With 'Execution'". [132], The nine-week trial was widely publicized, and was even reported on by the Telegraph Agency of the Soviet Union (TASS). The reward for her capture and return was also doubled to $2 million. Trump specifically called for the return of "the cop-killer Joanne Chesimard". [36] After an $89,000 Brooklyn bank robbery on March 1, 1972, a Daily News headline asked: "Was that JoAnne?" [27], Following an August 23, 1971, bank robbery in Queens, Shakur was sought for questioning. [64] That night, the second night of jury deliberation, the jury asked Judge Appleby to repeat his instructions regarding the four assault charges 30minutes before retiring for the night, which led to speculation that the jury had decided in Shakur's favor on the remaining charges, especially the two counts of murder. "2d Jury Here Begins Weighing Chesimard Bank-Robbery Case". [62] Judge Appleby also refused to investigate a burglary of her defense counsel's office that resulted in the disappearance of trial documents,[135] amounting to half of the legal papers related to her case. "Symposium Critical Legal Histories: Lilies of the Field: A Critique of Adjudication". [59][58] The vehicle was chased by three patrol cars and the booths down the turnpike were alerted. She then joined the BLA, a loosely knit offshoot of the Black Panthers, which engaged in an armed struggle against the US government through tactics such as robbing banks and killing police officers and drug dealers.[4]. Hershberger, James (March 24, 2006). The FBI put out a $2 million bounty for her recapture almost 50 years ago. Black Liberation Army Member, Assata Shakur, Tried on Murder and Assault Charges New Jersey v. Chesimard, 555 F.2d 63 (3d Cir. Nehanda Abiodun, a radical black nationalist who was charged in the deadly botched robbery of a Brink's armored truck in 1981 and then spent decades as a fugitive in Cuba, a hero to would-be. [186][187] No one was injured during the prison break, including the officers held as hostages who were left in a parking lot. [87] Shakur's aunt and lawyer, Evelyn Williams, was cited for contempt after walking out of the courtroom after many of her attempted motions were denied. [117] The text of Shakur's opening statement in the trial is reproduced in her autobiography. Olugbala means "savior" in Yoruba. Shakur has lived in Cuba since, despite US government efforts to have her returned. This page was last edited on 27 March 2023, at 12:25. Kaufman, Michael T. (February 9, 1972), "9 in Black 'Army' Are Hunted in Police Assassinations". 1977) (en banc). Waggoner, Walter H. (February 16, 1977), ". [51][52], According to Cleaver and Katsiaficas, the FBI and local police "initiated a national search-and-destroy mission for suspected BLA members, collaborating in stakeouts that were the products of intensive political repression and counterintelligence campaigns like NEWKILL". Kamau Sadiki (born Fred W. X. Hilton), a co-defendant who shared a cell with Shakur during their trial for armed robbery in the Bronx (of which both were acquitted), is believed to be the father. The FBI and the NYPD further charged her as being a leader of the Black . [58][68][69] Zayd Shakur's body was found in a nearby gully along the road. Sullivan, Joseph F. (May 4, 1973). A student group won the right to use the lounge after a campus shutdown over proposed tuition increases. [164] Three other defendants were indicted in relation to the same holdup: Melvin Kearney, who died in 1976 from an eight-floor fall while trying to escape from the Brooklyn House of Detention, Twymon Myers, who was killed by police while a fugitive, and Andrew Jackson, the charges against whom were dismissed when two prosecution witnesses could not identify him in a lineup. [212] Shakur later published an extensive criticism of the NBC segment, which inter-spliced footage of Trooper Foerster's grieving widow with an FBI photo connected to a bank robbery of which Shakur had been acquitted. Assata spent six and a half years in prison under brutal circumstances before escaping out of the maximum security wing of the Clinton Correctional Facility for Women in New Jersey in 1979 and moving to . [103] Both defendants were acquitted in the retrial; six jurors interviewed after the trial stated that they did not believe the two key prosecution witnesses. Shakur and others with the Black Liberation Army were convicted and sentenced in 1973 for the murder of a New Jersey State Trooper. Operating from about 1971 to 1981, the BLA used tactics including . Johnston, Richard J. The students had chained and locked the entrance to a college building to protest the low numbers of black faculty and the lack of a black studies program. $55.00 + $5.55 shipping. Gysin, Fritz, and Mulvey, Christopher (eds.). Gupte, Pranay (July 21, 1973), "Joanne Chesimard Pleads Not Guilty in Holdup Here". [99] Although both White and Rivers testified that Shakur was wearing overalls during the robbery, the person identified as Shakur in the photograph was wearing a jacket. [58][68] Assata Shakur was interrogated and arraigned from her hospital bed. "No Checking Was Done On Chesimard 'Visitors'; Identification Required of Visitors Security Review Ordered". [189] Shakur has been described as a "rap music legend"[222] and a "minor cause celebre". [100] The defense attempted to discredit White on the grounds that he had spent eight months in Matteawan Hospital for the Criminally Insane in 1968, and White countered that he had faked insanity (by claiming to be Allah in front of three psychiatrists) to get transferred out of prison. ", Seedman, Albert and Peter Hellman. [83] In protest, the lawyers stayed mute, and Shakur and Sadiki conducted their own defense. [62][183] Amnesty International, however, did not regard Shakur as a former political prisoner. [56] Although named after Shakur, CHESROB (like its predecessor, NEWKILL) was not limited to Shakur. Thomas "Blood" McCreary, a member of the BLA, is the largest series in the Black Liberation Army archive. There were people [in the BLA] who absolutely took the position that it was just time to resist, and if black people didn't start to fight back against police brutality and didn't start to wage armed resistance, we would be annihilated. Fast Facts: Assata Shakur Also Known As: JoAnne Chesimard Born: July 16, 1947, in New York City "Black Liberation leaders indicted". [176] At Alderson, Shakur was housed in the Maximum Security Unit, which also contained several members of the Aryan Sisterhood as well as Sandra Good and Lynette "Squeaky" Fromme, followers of Charles Manson. [58][60] Recordings of Trooper Harper calling the dispatcher were played at the trials of both Acoli and Assata Shakur. [5][6], Assata Shakur was born Joanne Deborah Byron, in Flushing, Queens, New York City, on July 16, 1947. "Militant Autobiography: The Case of Assata Shakur," in. Kaufman, Michael T. (January 30, 1973). McFadden, Robert D. (February 19, 1972). [62], In December 1973, Shakur was tried for a September 29, 1972, $3,700 robbery of the Manufacturer's Hanover Trust Company in the Bronx, along with co-defendant Kamau Sadiki (born Fred Hilton). Johnston, Richard H. (February 13, 1974). [128] Based on New Jersey law, if Shakur's presence at the scene could be considered as "aiding and abetting" the murder of Foerster, she could be convicted even if she had not fired the bullets which had killed him. [148] Her lawyers also claimed that their offices were bugged. In the Matter of Hinds, 449 A.2d 483 (N.J. 1982). Smothers, Ronald (October 24, 1973), "Chesimard Case Gets A Jury Shift". Abstract Marighella proposes two essential objectives for the urban guerrilla: physical liquidation of armed forces and police chiefs and assistants, and appropriation of government resources and those belonging to the elite . An activist in black radical groups such as the Black Panther Party and the Black Liberation Army, Shakur was convicted of murdering a New Jersey state trooper in 1977, but supporters helped her escape prison and take refuge in Cuba. [219], On May 2, 2005, the 32nd anniversary of the Turnpike shootings, the FBI classified her as a domestic terrorist, increasing the reward for assistance in her capture to $1million,[193][220] the largest reward placed on an individual in the history of New Jersey. [210], In 1997, Carl Williams, the superintendent of the New Jersey State Police, wrote a letter to Pope John Paul II asking him to raise the issue of Shakur's extradition during his talks with President Fidel Castro. [70], Shakur's defense attorneys were William Kunstler (the chief of Shakur's defense staff),[134] Stuart Ball, Robert Bloom, Raymond A. U.S. Government Declares $2 Million Bounty For Assata Shakur, Tupac's Godmother, Castro won't hand over killer of N.J. trooper, "Cuba still harbors one of America's most wanted fugitives. [158] Additionally, in his autobiography, Kunstler alleged that he later learned from a law enforcement agent that a New Jersey State Assembly member had addressed the jury at the hotel where they were sequestered, urging them to convict Shakur. Janson, Donald (February 19, 1977). "Mrs. Chesimard Is Ousted Again as 2d Trial for Robbery Begins". Prial, Frank J. It really had nothing to do with me. Assata Shakur, Joanne Byron, Barbara Odoms, Joanne Chesterman, Joan Davis, Justine Henderson, Mary Davis, Pat Chesimard, Jo-Ann Chesimard, . In 1993, she published a second book, Still Black, Still Strong, with Dhoruba bin Wahad and Mumia Abu-Jamal. [26] Shakur is alleged to have said that she was glad that she had been shot; afterward, she was no longer afraid to be shot again. [62][12], On March 24, the jurors listened for 45minutes to a rereading of testimony of the State Police chemist regarding the blood found at the scene, on the LeMans, and Shakur's clothing. [17] Specifically, documentary evidence suggests that Shakur was targeted by an investigation named CHESROB, which "attempted to hook former New York Panther Joanne Chesimard (Assata Shakur) to virtually every bank robbery or violent crime involving a black woman on the East Coast". Members of the State Troopers Fraternal Association of New Jersey expressed their anger over Common's "A Song For Assata". Friedly, Jock (January 13, 1999), "Waters seeks asylum for cop killer". Assata Olugbala Shakur is an Black civil rights activist who was a member of the Black Panther Party (BPP) and Black Liberation Army (BLA). [110] Neurosurgeon Dr. Arthur Turner Davidson, Associate Professor of Surgery at Albert Einstein College of Medicine, testified that the wounds in her upper arms, armpit and chest, and severed median nerve that instantly paralyzed her right arm, would only have been caused if both arms were raised, and that to sustain such injuries while crouching and firing a weapon (as described in Trooper Harper's testimony) "would be anatomically impossible". [119][122], By the time she was retried in 1977, Acoli had already been convicted of shooting and murdering Foerster. Title: Black Liberation Army Papers Creator: Black Liberation Army Inclusive dates: 1963-1998 Extent: 1.5 Linear feet (1 records box and 1 manuscript box) Abstract: . [18] But she soon left the party, disliking the macho behavior of the men and believing that the BPP members and leaders lacked knowledge and understanding of United States black history. [93] Judge Gagliardi instructed both the prosecution and the defense not to bring up Shakur or Sadiki's connections to the BLA, saying they were "not relevant". Chambers, Marcia (December 28, 1973). Assata Shakur. [189][194], For years after Shakur's escape, the movements, activities and phone calls of her friends and relativesincluding her daughter walking to school in upper Manhattanwere monitored by investigators in an attempt to ascertain her whereabouts. Also involved in the shootout were New Jersey State Troopers Werner Foerster and James Harper and BLA members Sundiata Acoli and Zayd Malik Shakur. [216], The United States Congress passed a non-binding resolution in September 1998, asking Cuba for the return of Shakur as well as 90 fugitives believed by Congress to be residing in Cuba; House Concurrent Resolution 254 passed 3710 in the House and by unanimous consent in the Senate. The member he was arrested with, Assata Shakur - previously known as JoAnne Chesimard - has been a fugitive. [208] In the six months preceding the publications of the book, Evelyn Williams, Shakur's aunt and attorney, made several trips to Cuba and served as a go-between with Hill. [64][149], Trooper Harper's official reports state that after he stopped the Pontiac, he ordered Acoli to the back of the vehicle for Trooper Foersterwho had arrived on the sceneto examine his driver's license. Getty Images Joanne Chesimard, or Assata Shakur, is New Jersey's most wanted fugitive for killing a state trooper and then fleeing to Cuba in 1979. [63] At this trial, Harper said that Foerster reached into the vehicle, pulled out and held up a semi-automatic pistol and ammunition magazine, and said "Jim, look what I found",[63] while facing Harper at the rear of the vehicle. Assata Shakur, or JoAnne Chesimard as the media and authorities continued to call her, was acknowledged to be the soul of the BLA. Chesimard, a fugitive living in Cuba under the name Assata Shakur, was a member of the Black Liberation Army in 1973 when she shot and killed Trooper Werner Foerster during a traffic stop. In 2013 Assata Shakur, founding member of the Black Liberation Army, former Black Panther and godmother of Tupac Shakur, became the first ever woman to make the FBI's most wanted. Assata Shakur was found guilty of the murder of both Foerster and her companion Zayd Shakur, . New Jersey State Police superintendent Rick Fuentes said "she is now 120pounds of money. "[12], On May 2, 1973, at about 12:45a.m.,[58] Assata Shakur, along with Zayd Malik Shakur (born James F. Costan) and Sundiata Acoli (born Clark Squire), were stopped on the New Jersey Turnpike in East Brunswick for driving with a broken tail light by State Trooper James Harper, backed up by Trooper Werner Foerster in a second patrol vehicle. In 1988 of several robberies as well as the prison escape their own defense Gets. Queens in 1947 her as being a leader of the murder of both Acoli and Zayd Malik Shakur in Assata. With the Black Liberation Army, escape from prison and seeking political refuge in Cuba- Assata Shakur.! Persecution '' `` Waters seeks asylum for cop killer '' February 14 Waters seeks asylum cop. International, however, did not regard Shakur as a former political prisoner 'Army ' Are Hunted in Assassinations. The dispatcher were played at the trials of both Foerster and her companion Zayd Shakur 's was... 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