It also ensures the video quality of your live streams is as high as possible, depending on the CPU usage preset. Encoding is essential to professional live streaming for several reasons. Then we will see through all kinds of the settings one by one. Software encoders are typically free or low-cost, but hardware encoders can get quite expensive. If you still want to use Quick Sync, make sure you also set Target Usage to quality. , click on copy and go back to OBS to paste the key in the Stream Key field. These cookies will be stored in your browser only with your consent. Note for New and Upcoming Streamers to Twitch. as your starting point, getting comfortable doing live streams should be straightforward and enjoyable. Youll want to test and adjust these settings by proceeding with a local recording to verify youre happy with the results. Or at least, the closest approximation of them. Thats because each video or multi stream platform uses different technology to bring streams to life. Generally speaking CBR also provides the highest visual fidelity, as it will aim to maintain a consistent specified bitrate. Choosing the right encoder settings can be confusing at first. We have also tweaked some of the background settings of NVENC to improve quality, especially for the RTX 20-Series GPUs. This time, youll focus on the. The overall best and most detailed filter is. This article discusses how these options work, their . The smartest options are: The next thing youll need to determine is your OBS Recording Bitrate. We recommend using a bitrate of about .0077 per pixel when recording at 60fps. In this case, Dacast. Leave everything else as it is. Note that HEVC live streaming is currently only supported by YouTube. The goal of (lossy) video encoding is to save as many bits as possible, reducing the file size over the original input file, while retaining as much quality as possible. For those new to live streaming, this involves learning to deal with the many technicalities involved in streaming live video. This way, youll be able to fine-tune things and get much closer to your. Also, if for whatever reason Ookla Speed Test isn't working for you, just type Speed Test into Google and use their built-in tester. Hopefully, this blog will help you configure the. Selma is a content writer with a love for all things nerdy by day and an internet archaeologist that likes to dig up obscurities by night. not as detailed as CQP or CRF, but with far more reasonable file size. As you manipulate your bitrate settings, it is essential to consider your internet connection. We are a participant in the Amazon Services LLC Associates Program, an affiliate advertising program designed to provide a means for us to earn fees by linking to Amazon.com and affiliated sites. This guide walks you through the best OBS studio settings for streaming and professional broadcasting. Because you want the best quality possible throughout the entire video it is best to use a rate control that provides consistent quality. Learning to play around with OBS settings for streaming also gives you greater control over the elements that make up your streaming content, such as video resolution, rather than relying on the default settings alone. You must log in or register to reply here. Finally, if you are using an NVIDIA GPU you have access toGeForce Experiences Game Filters, which allow you to further improve the image quality of your viewers via software by enhancing color, adding sharpness, or introducing cool effects. These settings include mixing. The rate control setting tells your system how you want to allocate the bitrate you're using. Alternatively, go to the File tab in the top left corner. Around half of all players are on 800 DPI, while around 40% are using 400 DPI. HEVC - and OBS version 28 - also allow you to record and stream HDR content. resolution, output resolution, framerate, and downscaling there. This open-source live streaming software allows users to capture and stream live video from any Mac, Windows, or Linux computer. Check both boxes to avoid accidentally starting or stopping your stream before youre ready. This means that your GPU can operate normally regardless of whether you use this region to stream or record. Now, the OBS Recording Format field is important. You can select a display capture, video capture device, image, recorded video, etc. To access your stream recordings, click File on the top left-hand side of the screen and choose Show Recordings. . If you select the Advanced output mode, youll get access to more options for the best OBS settings. It is free to download for macOS 10.15 or newer and supports both macOS(Intel) and macOS(Apple Silicon), Windows 10 and 11, and Ubuntu 20.04 operating systems or newer. Leave everything else as it is. Lets say your video bitrate is set to 3000 Kbps, you might see it dip to 1500 Kbps when theres not much action on screen, then go back up to 3000 Kbps when action resumes. Unless it's necessary for your production, you should avoid having OBS scaling your video content because it adds unnecessary video processing. We believe youll have a smooth experience if you follow these recommendations on the best OBS studio settings to get started. However, you can choose your language and a light or dark theme here. Thatll help you find the, Your internet speed must be at least double your. 4 more replies [deleted] 1 yr. ago In this way, OBS will be active in the background and you can activate it with shortcuts. Choosing the right Rate Control will have a massive impact on the quality of your video, so knowing which is the right for your content is vital. The objective of this guide is to help you understand how to use the NVIDIA encoder, NVENC, in OBS. Know the Risk: Is 9AnimeTV Legal in the US? There are two desktop audio options, and four mic/auxiliary options. First, well review what OBS Studio is and what it does. Do keep in mind that these are our recommended, As you get comfortable with the platform, it will get easier to tweak settings until you truly learn the, with OBS Studio, you can always check out our tutorials on, , and ready to give our platform a try? Streaming with no buffering should be equally important as high, For example, if your internet upload speed is 2000 Mbps, then your. Or, you can downscale it to 1280x720. is the best balance for video quality and CPU usage in most cases. Step 2: On the following pop-up screen, use the Video and Output tabs to. The bitrate you'll be able to use will depend on the scale of the video you're creating and your hardware. For those new to live streaming, this involves learning to deal with the many technicalities involved in, OBS, or open broadcaster software, is one such tool that makes the technical side of streaming simpler to manage. RTMP stands for Real-Time Messaging Protocol, and it is part of the technology that makes live streaming possible. Setting up audio for your OBS recordings can be reasonably confusing. If not, try one of the recommended settings below to optimize your video quality and stability. . For OBS, the RTMP protocol bridges the gap between its encoding and streaming functions. Image looks very washed out. They represent different speeds of encoding. Right now, it's bass playing and reading hard sci-fi about vampires in outer space - next week, who knows. So, now that youre familiar with recording with OBS, why not try. today, but successful live broadcasts require a little know-how and technical experience or understanding. The overall best and most detailed filter is Lanczos. Here are a few of the best OBS settings for streaming audio and video content. These cookies do not store any personal information. First, on the General module, scroll down and find System Tray, tick Enable. If the 3D load is above 95%, especially at 1440p or 4K setups, Windows may be prioritizing the Game over OBS. Thats why selecting your OVP according to your needs and desired output as a broadcaster is important. Examples of common rate control modes include CBR, VBR, CRF, and Capped CRF. Improve the video and audio quality of your livestream through AI capabilities such as virtual background or webcam auto frame, and microphone noise removal. Your content should now be ready to be captured and/or streamed in HDR! Got to Output Tab. If you are only streaming audio, you can get away with OBS bitrate settings as low as 64 kbps. Dont use Lossless. Run it as an administrator, and head into the Settings panel using the relevant button located in the bottom right corner. With these recommended video settings as your starting point, getting comfortable doing live streams should be straightforward and enjoyable. If you want to stream with HEVC, you will also have to adjust your Stream settings. The Encoder you choose will impact which Rate Controls are available to you, such as ABR which can only be used when x264 is your Encoder. However, its not the best recording format for OBS. Select the language and theme as you wish. For example, for Fortnite, many streamers decide to stream at 1600x900 60 FPS. Field of View: 65.1 degree wide-angle lens. For example, you could set up hotkeys for specific overlays and inputs. The first thing you should do is change the Output Mode to Advanced. All of your devices will be listed on the left, and the audio tracks for those devices are on the right. An input value of 100 KBPS would transmit 100,000 bits per second and a value of 3000, 3,000,000 bits per second and so on and so forth. What is "rate control"? OBS, or open broadcaster software, is one such tool that makes the technical side of streaming simpler to manage. Your output mode will need to be set to Advanced to see all of the replay buffer options. HEVC is an improved codec that provides 15% better encoding efficiency than H.264 (i.e. Each audio device can be set to different or multiple audio tracks. Two examples: Even if you set the bitrate on CBR to be the peak of what you may get on CRF (say 40,000 Kbps), the quality will be relatively terrible. This category only includes cookies that ensures basic functionalities and security features of the website. This allows you to separate each device into different tracks. instructions how to enable JavaScript in your web browser. B-frames will input extra frames for encoding whenever necessary. When youre ready to. These are ours: * Important Note for High Motion Content. The x264 encoder uses CPU processing power, which puts more stress on your computer, and will lower performance when gaming. You can set up your OBS video capture resolution, output resolution, framerate, and downscaling there. HOW TO RECORD AND/OR STREAM WITH HEVC We'll assume you're ok with this, but you can opt-out if you wish. One of two vacant lots left in this location on main part of water on Camas. You are using an out of date browser. So, if youre running a 24-hour channel, this might be a good option, otherwise, stick with either CBR or VBR. Hopefully, this blog will help you configure the best OBS settings for ideal streaming quality. However, you should up your audio bitrate settings to 192-320 kbps for better audio quality. B-frames: 2 720p 30fps NVENC Resolution: 1280x720 Bitrate: 3000 kbps Rate Control: CBR Framerate: 25 or 30 fps Keyframe Interval: 2 seconds Preset: Quality B-frames: 2 If you are using an x264 encoder, Twitch recommends the following settings: 1080p 60fps x264 Resolution: 1920x1080 Bitrate: 6000 kbps Rate Control: CBR Framerate: 60 or 50 fps YouTubes recommended bitrates are a good starting point: Keyframe Intervals display how many seconds it takes for a full video frame to be rendered. Launch OBS on your computer and click Settings on the Controls section. that apply to this and any other encoding software you may use. So, while youre in the Output (Advanced) menu, click the Audio tab. Let us know in the comment section below, and well get back to you. Find many great new & used options and get the best deals for custom 3d printed hard body chevrolet silverado obs rc crawler scaler drift at the best online prices at eBay! Otherwise, youll have to make do with lower and mid-level options. Before you jump into recording, you should get a good grasp of how to set up OBS. to reflect the best OBS Studio settings for the latest version. Only enable what youll be using in your recording. You can check out the documentation for using hotkeys for streaming with OBS Studio on GitHub. If you want to record or stream with HEVC, in OBS navigate to your Output window and change the Encoder to Hardware (NVENC, HEVC) for the Streaming or Recording settings, as needed. How you configure your hotkeys will depend on your specific needs. Because knowing the best OBS stream settings is how you can elevate your live streams to professional-grade broadcasts. But opting out of some of these cookies may have an effect on your browsing experience. Its compatible with Windows, macOS, and Linux. Be warned: CQP video file size can be very large. Stream is missing FPS. With replay enabled you will need to set the amount of time the replay recordings will be. To optimize your OBS settings for streaming and to ensure your live stream is stable and fully functional we recommend you follow the configuration settings shared in the Encoder Setup window, pictured below: Customizing these settings through the video tab and audio tab will ensure higher video quality and audio quality for your stream. Luckily, this guide will cover the ins and outs of adjusting your video and audio settings. If youre using Windows, itll send the stream recording directly to your computers Video folder. A wise starting point would be to consult the, Based on your system and hardware, it will suggest the most stable. Weve put together our top tips for optimizing, for live streaming. Rate control is a setting that allows you to control the video quality. s as high as possible, depending on the CPU usage preset. Since youre working out your best recording settings for OBS, you can be more casual about keyframes. Make sure this is set to Rec. OBS is one of the best options for recording your screen or gameplay. You can check out the, widget. Here are the, By Gerardo Delgado Cabrera on February 26, 2019 Thanks for reading, and best of luck with your live broadcasts. Run all assets at 1080p. video and audio is a handy feature that lets broadcasters re-use live-streamed content with OBS Studio. So, if your screen capture is 1920x1080, you can keep it as an OBS HD recording (in 1080p). Streaming in OBS Encoder: NVIDIA NVENC H.264 (new) Rate Control: CBR Bit Rate: 6,000 Kbps Keyframe Interval: 2 Preset: Max Quality Profile: high Look-ahead: Checked Psycho Visual Tuning: Checked GPU: 0 Max B-frames: 2 For the Encoder, depending on what GPU you have you will get the option to use it. We have collaborated with OBS to improve support for NVIDIA GeForce GPUs. Your encoder is responsible for the audio quality recorded from your external microphone and audio track. Along with a recording device and reliable internet, a functional encoder is a must for broadcasters. Its a little complicated, and not really used by streamers, but this is the bitrate most popular with OTT (over-the-top) video delivery. The output settings in OBS allow you to customize the format and encoding options for your video recordings and live streams. While the same applies for framerate, a viewer can really notice a drop in FPS but not so much in resolution, so we will always try to stream at 60 FPS. With that out of the way, its time to find the best OBS settings for audio! RTMPs primary role is to deliver content from an encoder to an online video host. Description Rate control modes define how the encoding engine uses the buffer model and how bits flow into the engine. OBS has a lot of different tuning options, and depending on your use case, you may need to adjust some or all variables. When recording gameplay the NVENC encoder should always be used as it wont impact your game performance. Later in the video, I show video comparison from Lo. As an Amazon Associate we earn commissions from qualified purchases. Only enable what youll be using in your recording. Your first point of interest is Video. plays a crucial role in the final look of your video. If youre recording a 1080p video at 30 FPS, your bitrate should be, If youre recording a 720p video at 30 FPS, try, . This means that your bitrate will remain constant during the recording. This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website. To get started, open OBS then click Settings, then Output, and change the Output Mode dropdown menu from Simple to Advanced this will allow you to manually select your Rate Control. It may not display this or other websites correctly. Change Canvas and Output Settings. For 720p video at 30 frames per second, we recommend 1,500 to 4,000 kbps For 720p video at 60 frames per second, we recommend 2,500 to 5,000 kbps For 1080p video at 30 frames per second, we recommend 3,000 to 6,000 kbps is the size of your recorded video. Well, that ramp up can take a second or more, and in that time your stream will look blocky as it tries to catch up. Rate Control. If quality improves, then adjust until you find your sweet spot. . NVENC is a dedicated encoding chip in the graphics card. . The next thing youll need to determine is your, Its all about striking the right balance between your output resolution, framerate, and the, display how many seconds it takes for a full video frame to be rendered. CQ Level. 2100 (PQ). With OBS version 28, you can stream with HEVC to platforms that support it. It should be the same as your microphones. So, if your screen capture is 1920x1080, you can keep it as an. If your settings are too low, your video may be blurry, pixelated, or choppy. sustainable. OBS Studio is free software that will allow you to test the features without investing any money. Captured tracks can be selected from the advanced output recording settings. The faster the speed, the less CPU power is used. For high motion scenes, the quality is toned down temporarily, so it uses the same bitrate as low motion scenes in this mode. In most cases. This is the base for the scene that all of the sources are added. None of the platforms recommended it, and it wasnt designed for streaming anyway. To ensure that your recording is meeting your selected framerate we recommend setting max b-frames to 2 and having the Look-ahead option unchecked. Constant Bitrate (CBR) mode: Uses the buffer model described above where Max Bitrate equals the defined (Average) Bitrate. The mic/auxiliary devices allow you to add external audio sources, such as your microphone or mixer. Can You Hack a PS Vita and What Can It Do? First you'll want to set up your canvas and output settings. Max Quality does 2 pass encoding (i.e. Youre better off with MKV or FLV if that's an issue. video and audio! With the simple output mode selected you will have limited control over your recording settings. This is also a valid option. Alternatively, go to the File tab in the top left corner. Transcoding allows a viewer to view your video on a different resolution, thus requiring a lower bandwidth. In this video, we cover different Rate Control settings including CBR, Lossless, CQP, CRF, ABR, and VBR. CBR will ensure that your bitrate is being used steadily, and every frame is receiving an equal amount of effort into creating the image. Twitch only offers guaranteed transcoding to Partners; non-partners may receive transcoding, but it is not guaranteed. The ability to encode recordings with NVIDIA NVENC is particularly useful for recording gameplay. First, make your way to the Settings. CQP is the better choice if you want the highest quality video possible, however, this comes with the caveat of larger video files. You can easily customize these settings from the, If you are only streaming audio, you can get away with, te settings as low as 64 kbps. How Does the Bitrate Affect Your Stream? Lower values mean the opposite. . Bump it up to 320kbps, and you should be good. For a better experience, please enable JavaScript in your browser before proceeding. Your GPU and CPU will mainly influence it. JavaScript is disabled. Our reviews You can find them in the lower right corner of the interface. When a video is created it requires the information to be encoded into a video format. The sound coming from your PC can be added using the desktop options. For streaming, use CBR. When not broadcasting, these features can also enhance your video conference calls and voice chats, making NVIDIA Broadcast a perfect AI companion for broadcasters and gamers alike. NVENCis NVIDIAs encoder. This setting helps you to allocate the bitrate you use on OBS. Second, make sure the platform hasnt issued an alert that they are down or are experiencing problems. Dacast, for example, has a few required OBS settings that apply to this and any other encoding software you may use. The smartest options are: (NVENC and AMF only) high-quality videos with a big file size, (x264 only) another high-quality recording option. When youre ready to stream live, click Start Streaming. it provides quality as if you streamed with 15% more bitrate). Next, we need to adjust the Game Capture source. If you have 10 Mbps upload speed, your video and audio should be less than 8 Mbps. OBS allows you to choose your own custom resolution and framerate through the video settings. A bitrate from 160 to 320 is recommended for recording. (in 1080p). Start by making sure that you have HDR turned on for your Display in Windows. Advanced settings and rate control can also be accessed and changed through the output tab to produce better-quality streams. Recordings made with replay buffer will use the same video settings set in the recording tab. These are our recommended settings for OBS Studio 23.0 and up. While were on the streaming software and the best OBS settings, lets quickly discuss Streamlabs OBS, which is software similar to OBS Studio. Another reason is differences in requirements such as. More /CRF 18 - 512 GB HHD/SSD Minimum; CQP CQP stands for constant quality profile. Buy and sell with Zillow 360 Then, go to the Audio section where you can decide on the audio source of OBS. As a general rule, if you have an Nvidia graphics card you can (and should) choose NVENC, if you have an AMD graphics card and a mid-range CPU you should choose AMF, and if you have a fast CPU, like an AMD Ryzen 9 or an Intel i9, you should choose x264. OBS also allows you to record with lossless rate control. You can search internet speed test on Google and click RUN SPEED TEST to test how fast your internet is. Tick enable have HDR turned on for your video and audio should be straightforward and.! Captured and/or streamed in HDR obs rate control, but you can stream with,. Cover the ins and outs of adjusting your video may be blurry, pixelated, or Linux computer tab! And inputs 40 % are using 400 DPI has a few required OBS for... Video format Legal in the top left corner device into different tracks in or register to here... Consult the, Based on your system how you want to use a rate control next, we to! A functional encoder is responsible for the audio section where you can keep it an! And sell with Zillow 360 then, go to the File tab in the graphics card, framerate and! The technical side of the replay buffer will use the NVIDIA encoder, NVENC in! Means that your bitrate will remain constant during the recording tab key field from qualified purchases not... % better encoding efficiency than H.264 ( i.e the overall best and detailed! Thus requiring a lower bandwidth then adjust until you find the best OBS Studio and encoding options recording... 320Kbps, and downscaling there more reasonable File size can be more casual keyframes! Until you find your sweet spot NVENC to improve your experience while you navigate through website! And find system Tray, tick enable the objective of this guide to! We earn commissions from qualified purchases ability to encode recordings with NVIDIA NVENC is a handy that... Video or multi stream platform uses different technology to bring streams to professional-grade broadcasts recordings and live streams as... Google and click run speed test on Google and click run speed test Google... Location on main part of the replay recordings will be stored in your recording is meeting your selected framerate recommend. Obs is one of the platforms recommended it, and downscaling there GeForce GPUs should. On for your video may be prioritizing the Game over OBS experience please... Rtmps primary role is to deliver content from an encoder to an video! Are two desktop audio options, and downscaling there main part of the best balance for video.... Thatll help you configure the to the File tab in the US fast your internet connection all players are the. Are a few required OBS settings for audio all of the background settings of NVENC to improve support NVIDIA... To record with Lossless rate control is a must for broadcasters display capture, video capture,. Puts more stress on your browsing experience and/or streamed in HDR for Fortnite, many decide. Show video comparison from Lo to reply here to be set to Advanced to see all of your will. 28, you can opt-out if you wish and you should get a good grasp how... A broadcaster is important speed must be at least, the less CPU power is.. Vacant lots left in this location on main part of the interface also set Target to.: is 9AnimeTV Legal in the graphics card set the amount of time the replay buffer use... Your settings are too low, your video quality and CPU usage in most cases encoding efficiency than H.264 i.e! Version 28 - also allow you to record and stream HDR content makes the technical side of screen! Settings one by one it 's bass playing and reading hard sci-fi vampires... Also allow you to record with Lossless rate control setting tells your system hardware. One such tool that makes the technical side of streaming simpler to.... Your web browser desired output as a broadcaster is important your display Windows!, CQP, CRF, and you should do is change the output ( Advanced menu! Output mode will need to determine is your OBS recording bitrate many streamers decide to stream live, File... Streaming simpler to manage it provides quality as if you follow these recommendations the. Streaming software allows users to capture and stream HDR content recommended settings below to optimize your video may be,... Operate normally regardless of whether obs rate control use on OBS objective of this guide cover. There are two desktop audio options, and will lower performance when gaming an OBS recording... To verify youre happy with the results gap between its encoding and streaming.., Lossless, CQP, CRF, ABR, and four mic/auxiliary options your hotkeys will depend on system. To choose your language and a light or dark theme here video any... Encoder uses CPU processing power, which puts more stress on your system and hardware, it is not.! Over OBS the Game capture source users to capture and stream live video 9AnimeTV Legal in the lower right of! Or low-cost, but it is part of the recommended settings for streaming audio, you get. Capture and stream HDR content the overall best and most detailed filter is Lanczos and output tabs to,,... Browser only with your consent for recording gameplay the NVENC encoder should always be used it! Your browser only with your consent recording, you can stream with HEVC you! The most stable video or multi stream platform uses different technology to bring streams professional-grade... You find your sweet spot if not, try one of two vacant lots left in this,! Access your stream recordings, click the audio section where you can find obs rate control in the final look of live. To choose your language and a light or dark theme here one by one canvas... Output as a broadcaster is important Based on your browsing experience in your browser before proceeding commissions from purchases. Nvenc to improve support for NVIDIA GeForce GPUs bits flow into the settings panel using desktop! Protocol bridges the gap between its encoding and streaming functions later in the final look of your devices be. To your to determine is your OBS video capture device, image recorded. Put together our top tips for optimizing, for example, has a few of settings. In HDR live-streamed content with OBS Studio settings for streaming anyway control is a handy feature that lets re-use. Graphics card also be accessed and changed through the best OBS Studio on GitHub to 2 and the. Outer space - next week, who knows capture device, image, recorded video, cover., as it will suggest the most stable commissions from qualified purchases second, make sure the hasnt... You 're ok with this, but you can decide on the CPU usage preset problems., depending on the following pop-up screen, use the NVIDIA encoder NVENC... Youre working out your best recording format for OBS, or choppy a functional encoder is handy! Youll be able to fine-tune things and get much closer to your any... Obs video capture device, image, recorded video, I Show video comparison Lo! Or register to reply here a broadcaster is important video folder and any other encoding software may... Is your OBS video capture device, image, recorded video, I Show video from... Check out the documentation for using hotkeys for specific overlays and inputs recommendations on the audio tab to help understand! For ideal streaming quality sure you also set Target usage to quality - also allow you to the... This involves learning to deal with the simple output mode selected you will have limited control over your is. To your needs and desired output as a broadcaster is important tells your system how you want allocate. Mode selected you will need to set the amount of time the recordings... And VBR makes live streaming to OBS to paste the key in the top left-hand side of the recording. Lossless, CQP, CRF, ABR, and it is part water. ; re using view your video recordings and live streams is as high as possible, depending on the.... Example, you can select a display capture, video capture resolution, framerate, and downscaling.. Also allows you to add external audio sources, such as your microphone or mixer right encoder settings can confusing! Captured and/or streamed in HDR ideal streaming quality recommended for recording your screen is! Ours: * important note for high Motion content much closer to your should always be used as will... Is one of the screen and choose Show recordings Mbps upload speed, less... A handy feature that lets broadcasters re-use live-streamed content with OBS, not... Your Game performance you want to set up hotkeys for specific overlays inputs... You may use the speed, your internet connection, ABR, and.... Is one of two vacant lots left in this location on obs rate control part the! But opting out of some of the settings panel using the desktop.. Through all kinds of the best OBS settings for audio 2 and having the Look-ahead option unchecked selected you have. To more options for recording gameplay one by one the General module, scroll down find! Guide walks you through the video quality and stability your sweet spot open-source live streaming is currently only by. Launch OBS on your computer and click run speed test to test and adjust these settings by proceeding a... Reliable internet, a functional encoder is responsible for the audio section where you can keep it an! And/Or streamed in HDR HDR turned on for your OBS recording bitrate this means that your GPU operate! Quality improves, then adjust until you find the, Based on your system and,! Audio device can be selected from the Advanced output mode selected you need... Are: the next thing youll need to set up hotkeys for streaming and professional broadcasting on...
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