[818] His Volynskoe suburb had a 20-hectare (50-acre) park, with Stalin devoting much attention to its agricultural activities. 4. [270] To bolster his image as a devoted Leninist, Stalin gave nine lectures at Sverdlov University on the "Foundations of Leninism", later published in book form. [118] Still in Vologda, Stalin agreed, remaining a Central Committee member for the rest of his life. [94] He attended the Fifth RSDLP Congress, held at the Brotherhood Church in London in MayJune 1907. [727] Some of Stalin's colleagues described him as "Asiatic", and he supposedly once told a Japanese journalist that "I am not a European man, but an Asian, a Russified Georgian". [59] Held first in Batumi Prison[60] and then Kutaisi Prison,[61] in mid-1903 he was sentenced to three years of exile in eastern Siberia. [559] At a banquet held for army commanders, he described the Russian people as "the outstanding nation" and "leading force" within the Soviet Union, the first time that he had unequivocally endorsed the Russians over other Soviet nationalities. [394], In 193536, Stalin oversaw a new constitution; its dramatic liberal features were designed as propaganda weapons, for all power rested in the hands of Stalin and his Politburo. A 2012 survey commissioned by the Carnegie Endowment found 38% of Armenians concurring that their country "will always have need of a leader like Stalin. The document known as Lenin's political testament was in fact a series of short letters, written to the Congress of Soviets over the course of a week in December 1922. Received titles . [845] When she died, Stalin allegedly said: "This creature softened my heart of stone. [612] Stalin ordered several assassination attempts on Tito's life and contemplated invading Yugoslavia. [679] According to Montefiore, Stalin's embrace of the Russian nation was pragmatic, as the Russians were the core of the population of the USSR; it was not a rejection of his Georgian origins. [449], As a MarxistLeninist, Stalin considered conflict between competing capitalist powers inevitable; after Nazi Germany annexed Austria and then part of Czechoslovakia in 1938, he recognised a war was looming. [246] On this trip, Stalin met with his son Yakov, and brought him back to Moscow;[247] Nadezhda had given birth to another of Stalin's sons, Vasily, in March 1921. [140] Derived from the Russian word for steel (stal),[141] this has been translated as "Man of Steel";[142] Stalin may have intended it to imitate Lenin's pseudonym. [743] By 1907, he grew his hair long and often wore a beard; for clothing, he often wore a traditional Georgian chokha or a red satin shirt with a grey coat and black fedora. [115] He escaped to Saint Petersburg,[116] where he was arrested in September 1911 and sentenced to a further three-year exile in Vologda. [108] There he led the imprisoned Bolsheviks, organised discussion groups, and ordered the killing of suspected informants. [272] Embarrassed by its contents, Stalin offered his resignation as General Secretary; this act of humility saved him and he was retained in the position. [917] In 1969 and again in 1979, plans were proposed for a full rehabilitation of Stalin's legacy but on both occasions were halted due to fears of damaging the USSR's public image. [399] During the later 1930s, Stalin placed "a few limits on the worship of his own greatness". [256] Lenin twice asked Stalin to procure poison so that he could commit suicide, but Stalin never did so. [112] There he had affairs with at least two women; his landlady, Maria Kuzakova, later gave birth to his second son, Konstantin. [689] Leading this vanguard, he believed that the Soviet peoples needed a strong, central figureakin to a Tsarwhom they could rally around. [587] Tensions among these former Allies grew,[557] resulting in the Cold War. [36] Another influential text was Alexander Kazbegi's The Patricide, with Stalin adopting the nickname "Koba" from that of the book's bandit protagonist. [556] Within the Soviet Union he was widely regarded as the embodiment of victory and patriotism. [407], When the Spanish Civil War broke out in July 1936, the Soviets sent 648 aircraft and 407 tanks to the left-wing Republican faction; these were accompanied by 3,000 Soviet troops and 42,000 members of the International Brigades set up by the Communist International. [52] In November 1901, he was elected to the Tiflis Committee of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (RSDLP), a Marxist party founded in 1898. [456] Germany began negotiations with the Soviets, proposing that Eastern Europe be divided between the two powers. Born into poverty in 1879 to an alcoholic cobbler father and washerwoman mother, Stalin . [528] Stalin was impatient for the UK and U.S. to open up a Western Front to take the pressure off of the East; they eventually did so in mid-1944. According to Montefiore, theirs was "a true love match";[844] Volkogonov suggested that she was "probably the one human being he had really loved". (one of the Bolsheviks' key policy stances in 1917 was to give the land to . [204] To secure access to the dwindling food supply, in May 1918 Sovnarkom sent Stalin to Tsaritsyn to take charge of food procurement in southern Russia. [266] Some historians have questioned whether Lenin ever produced these, suggesting instead that they may have been written by Krupskaya, who had personal differences with Stalin;[254] Stalin, however, never publicly voiced concerns about their authenticity. [415] After the murder, Stalin became increasingly concerned by the threat of assassination, improved his personal security, and rarely went out in public. "[869] For most Westerners and anti-communist Russians, he is viewed overwhelmingly negatively as a mass murderer;[869] for significant numbers of Russians and Georgians, he is regarded as a great statesman and state-builder. [576] He grew increasingly concerned that senior political and military figures might try to oust him; he prevented any of them from becoming powerful enough to rival him and had their apartments bugged with listening devices. [70] Although he established a Bolshevik stronghold in the mining town of Chiatura,[71] Bolshevism remained a minority force in the Menshevik-dominated Georgian revolutionary scene. [378] In May 1932, he introduced a system of kolkhoz markets where peasants could trade their surplus produce. [600], In 1948, Stalin edited and rewrote sections of Falsifiers of History, published as a series of Pravda articles in February 1948 and then in book form. [493] Stalin issued Order No. Even in the Soviet Union, Stalin's predecessor, Vladimir . To eradicate "enemies of the working class", Stalin instituted the Great Purge, in which over a million were imprisoned, largely in the Gulag system of forced labour camps, and at least 700,000 executed by government agents between 1936 and 1938. LDGeo5364 LDGeo5364 29.11.2018 History Secondary School answered What title was Stalin given in 1922? A woman is flanked by portraits of Soviet leaders Joseph Stalin and Vladimir Lenin. Instead, the KMT repressed the Communists and a civil war broke out between the two sides.[308]. [307] In 1927, there was some argument in the party over Soviet policy regarding China. [831] Kotkin observed that Stalin "generally gravitated to people like himself: parvenu intelligentsia of humble background". Vozhd ("leader") Joseph Stalin, dictator of Soviet Union has also been referred to as Father of Nations, "Great Leader . In 1938 Stalin often appears alone in the form of a photographic bust portrait, particularly in posters that promote the regional elections of the Soviet Union of that year 279 but, also, in a curious poster documenting in detail Stalin's arrests, exiles and escapes from exile between 1902 and 1917 (Fig. February: The Soviet government replaces the CHEKA with a new security agency, . [240] As People's Commissar for Nationalities, Stalin believed that each national and ethnic group should have the right to self-expression,[241] facilitated through "autonomous republics" within the Russian state in which they could oversee various regional affairs. [633] The Soviet press engaged in vituperative attacks on Zionism, Jewish culture, and "rootless cosmopolitanism",[634] with growing levels of anti-Semitism being expressed across Soviet society. Get the answers you need, now! [555], After the war, Stalin wasaccording to Serviceat the "apex of his career". [553] Stalin pushed for reparations from Germany without regard to the base minimum supply for German citizens' survival, which worried Truman and Churchill who thought that Germany would become a financial burden for Western powers. As the head of the Soviet Union from 1928-1953, Stalin used ruthless tactics to gain ultimate power and total control . December 26, 1922 The increase in the number of C.C. Although concerns were expressed that adopting this new post on top of his others would overstretch his workload and give him too much power, Stalin was appointed to the position. Under Stalin, socialism in one country became a central tenet of the party's ideology. In short, Stalin's power over appointment is . [445] The Terror damaged the Soviet Union's reputation abroad, particularly among sympathetic leftists. Granat, 1929, such pseudonyms are given for only two persons other than Lenin and Stalin: B. M. Knun'iants (Radin) and M. A. Lur'e (Larin). [664] At the funeral on 9 March, Stalins body was laid to rest in Lenin's Mausoleum in Red Square; hundreds of thousands attended. [171], On 24 October, police raided the Bolshevik newspaper offices, smashing machinery and presses; Stalin salvaged some of this equipment to continue his activities. "[884] In both the Soviet Union and elsewhere he came to be portrayed as an "Oriental despot". [714], Stalin viewed nations as contingent entities which were formed by capitalism and could merge into others. [226], Following earlier clashes between Polish and Russian troops, the PolishSoviet War broke out in early 1920, with the Poles invading Ukraine and taking Kiev on 7 May. [889] Service similarly warned of the portrayal of Stalin as an "unimpeded despot", noting that "powerful though he was, his powers were not limitless", and his rule depended on his willingness to conserve the Soviet structure he had inherited. As the majority of excess deaths under Stalin were not direct killings, the exact number of victims of Stalinism is difficult to calculate due to lack of consensus among scholars on which deaths can be attributed to the regime. [24] Stalin faced several severe health problems: An 1884 smallpox infection left him with facial scars;[25] and at age 12 he was seriously injured when he was hit by a phaeton, probably the cause of a lifelong disability in his left arm. [65] His second attempt, in January 1904, was successful and he made it to Tiflis. [397] A number of authorised Stalin biographies were also published,[398] although Stalin generally wanted to be portrayed as the embodiment of the Communist Party rather than have his life story explored. [895] Since his death many more biographies have been written,[896] although until the 1980s these relied largely on the same sources of information. [705] In his words, "the people need a Tsar, whom they can worship and for whom they can live and work". [69] Stalin detested many of the Mensheviks in Georgia and aligned himself with the Bolsheviks. [472] He increasingly focused on appeasement with the Germans to delay any conflict with them. Stalin had called for the Chinese Communists to ally themselves with Kuomintang (KMT) nationalists, viewing a Communist-Kuomintang alliance as the best bulwark against Japanese imperial expansionism. [235] Trotsky claimed that Stalin sabotaged the campaign by disobeying troop transfer orders. Serving in the Russian Civil War before overseeing the Soviet Union's establishment in 1922, Stalin assumed leadership over the country following Lenin's death in 1924. [903] According to Michael Ellman, the best modern estimate for the number of repression deaths during the Great Purge is 950,0001.2million, which includes executions, deaths in detention, or soon after their release. [934], Some positive sentiment can also be found elsewhere in the former Soviet Union. [881] Montefiore argued that while Stalin initially ruled as part of a Communist Party oligarchy, the Soviet government transformed from this oligarchy into a personal dictatorship in 1934,[882] with Stalin only becoming "absolute dictator" between March and June 1937, when senior military and NKVD figures were eliminated. [901] Stalin has also been accused of genocide in the cases of forced population transfer of ethnic minorities in the Soviet Union and the famine in Ukraine. The existing government of landlords and capitalists must be replaced by a new government, a government of workers and peasants.The existing pseudo-government which was not elected by the people and which is not accountable to the people must be replaced by a government recognised by the people, elected by representatives of the workers, soldiers and peasants and held accountable to their representatives. The dictator's blows fell most heavily on the peasantry, some 25 million rustic . [746] He had few material demands and lived plainly, with simple and inexpensive clothing and furniture;[747] his interest was in power rather than wealth. [677] A mass amnesty for certain categories of convicts was issued, halving the country's inmate population, while the state security and Gulag systems were reformed, with torture being banned in April 1953. [62], Stalin left Batum in October, arriving at the small Siberian town of Novaya Uda in late November 1903. [170] Lenin returned to Petrograd and secured a majority in favour of a coup at a meeting of the Central Committee on 10 October. [93] By that year according to the historian Robert Service Stalin had established himself as "Georgia's leading Bolshevik". [455] On 3 May 1939, Stalin replaced his western-oriented foreign minister Maxim Litvinov with Vyacheslav Molotov. [569] The NKVD recorded that between 26 and 27 million Soviet citizens had been killed, with millions more being wounded, malnourished, or orphaned. [519] When Stalin learned that people in Western countries affectionately called him "Uncle Joe" he was initially offended, regarding it as undignified. [355] Priests, imams, and Buddhist monks faced persecution. [626] Both Stalin and Mao believed that a swift victory would ensue. [259] Another disagreement came over the Georgian affair, with Lenin backing the Georgian Central Committee's desire for a Georgian Soviet Republic over Stalin's idea of a Transcaucasian one. [123], In May 1912, he was arrested again and imprisoned in the Shpalerhy Prison, before being sentenced to three years exile in Siberia. Stalin is also considered one of the most dangerous totalitarian leaders in history, his violent excesses often compared to those of Adolf Hitler. 2011-10-26 00:38:39. [919] His successor Vladimir Putin did not seek to rehabilitate Stalin but emphasised the celebration of Soviet achievements under Stalin's leadership rather than the Stalinist repressions. [537] Roosevelt and Churchill conceded to Stalin's demand that Germany pay the Soviet Union 20billion dollars in reparations, and that his country be permitted to annex Sakhalin and the Kuril Islands in exchange for entering the war against Japan. According to Wikipedia he was General Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union but Krushchev was just premier IIRC. [530] Discussing the fate of the Balkans, later in 1944 Churchill agreed to Stalin's suggestion that after the war, Bulgaria, Rumania, Hungary, and Yugoslavia would come under the Soviet sphere of influence while Greece would come under that of the West. "[842] Stalin married twice and had several children. [203], After the Bolsheviks seized power, both right and left-wing armies rallied against them, generating the Russian Civil War. [919] After the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991, the first President of the new Russian Federation, Boris Yeltsin, continued Gorbachev's denunciation of Stalin but added to it a denunciation of Lenin. [697] He claimed to be a loyal Leninist,[698] although wasaccording to Service"not a blindly obedient Leninist". [68] During his exile, the RSDLP had split between Vladimir Lenin's "Bolsheviks" and Julius Martov's "Mensheviks". The Soviet Union and the United States emerged as global superpowers and entered a period of tension, the Cold War. What title did Stalin receive in 1922? [296] In October 1927, Zinoviev and Trotsky were removed from the Central Committee;[297] the latter was exiled to Kazakhstan and later deported from the country in 1929. See answer. "[730], Stalin had a soft voice,[731] and when speaking Russian did so slowly, carefully choosing his phrasing. "[870] These deaths occurred as a result of collectivisation, famine, terror campaigns, disease, war and mortality rates in the Gulag. [660], Stalin's death was announced on 6 March. [720] The socio-economic nature of Stalin's Soviet Union has also been much debated, varyingly being labelled a form of state socialism, state capitalism, bureaucratic collectivism, or a totally unique mode of production. [201] The treaty gave vast areas of land and resources to the Central Powers and angered many in Russia; the Left Socialist Revolutionaries withdrew from the coalition government over the issue. [391] The Soviet government believed that food supplies should be prioritised for the urban workforce;[392] for Stalin, the fate of Soviet industrialisation was far more important than the lives of the peasantry. Stalin took on the title of premier from 1941 onwards actually. [519] In 1941, the London Philharmonic Orchestra performed a concert to celebrate his birthday,[520] and in 1942, Time magazine named him "Man of the Year". [185] Although not so publicly well known as Lenin or Trotsky,[186] Stalin's importance among the Bolsheviks grew. [147] In March 1914, concerned over a potential escape attempt, the authorities moved Stalin to the hamlet of Kureika on the edge of the Arctic Circle. [474] To demonstrate peaceful intentions toward Germany, in April 1941 the Soviets signed a neutrality pact with Japan. [542] After receiving a complaint about this from Yugoslav communist Milovan Djilas, Stalin asked how after experiencing the traumas of war a soldier could "react normally? Stalin was awarded in 1922. 4. . [693] Service argued that Stalin's Marxism was imbued with a great deal of Russian nationalism. [291] In 1925, the two moved into open opposition to Stalin and Bukharin. [939], Yevstafy Zhakov, a pastor of St. Olga Strelna near St. Petersburg, caused an uproar after he hung a portrait of Stalin among sacred images, stating: "I remember him [Stalin] on appropriate occasions, the day of his birthday, his death and that of Victory. [381] In 1936, Nikolai Yezhov became head of the NKVD. [320] According to Stalin biographer Dmitri Volkogonov, de-kulakisation was "the first mass terror applied by Stalin in his own country. [189], Because of the ongoing First World War, in which Russia was fighting the Central Powers of Germany and Austria-Hungary, Lenin's government relocated from Petrograd to Moscow in March 1918. [332], Armed peasant uprisings against dekulakisation and collectivisation broke out in Ukraine, northern Caucasus, southern Russia, and central Asia, reaching their apex in March 1930; these were suppressed by the Red Army. [63] There, he lived in a two-room peasant's house, sleeping in the building's larder. [611] At the second Cominform conference, held in Bucharest in June 1948, East European communist leaders all denounced Tito's government, accusing them of being fascists and agents of Western capitalism. [30] According to Stalin's biographer Simon Sebag Montefiore, they became "minor Georgian classics"[31] and were included in various anthologies of Georgian poetry over the coming years. [877] Various biographers have described him as a dictator,[878] an autocrat,[879] or accused him of practising Caesarism. He argued that Jewish nationalism, particularly Zionism, was hostile to socialism. [496] During the war, Stalin was more tolerant of the Russian Orthodox Church, allowing it to resume some of its activities and meeting with Patriarch Sergius in September 1943. Many believe Stalin's rise to power began when he met Vladimir Lenin. [734] He rarely spoke before large audiences, and preferred to express himself in written form. [34], Stalin joined a forbidden book club at the school;[35] he was particularly influenced by Nikolay Chernyshevsky's 1863 pro-revolutionary novel What Is To Be Done? During the Great Terror, Stalin's secret police, the NKVD, rounded up more than 150,000 during its Polish Operation in 1937-38, 110,000 of whom were shot dead. The conflict (1939-45) that pitted Nazi Germany and Japan against Britain, the Soviet Union and the United States. [421] The first Moscow Trial took place in August 1936; Kamenev and Zinoviev were among those accused of plotting assassinations, found guilty in a show trial, and executed. By 1927, Stalin was the unquestioned ruler of the Soviet Union. [325] Stalin barred kulaks from joining these collectives. [312] Many Communists, including in Komsomol, OGPU, and the Red Army, were eager to be rid of the NEP and its market-oriented approach;[313] they had concerns about those who profited from the policy: affluent peasants known as "kulaks" and small business owners or "Nepmen". [477] Despite intelligence agencies repeatedly warning him of Germany's intentions, Stalin was taken by surprise. [896] Under Mikhail Gorbachev's Soviet administration various previously classified files on Stalin's life were made available to historians,[896] at which point Stalin became "one of the most urgent and vital issues on the public agenda" in the Soviet Union. The house where Joseph Stalin was born and where a young Joseph Stalin lived. By July of 1922 the state had confiscated vast stores of precious items from the church. Answer and Explanation: . [623], At the end of the Second World War, the Soviet Union and the United States divided up the Korean Peninsula, formerly a Japanese colonial possession, along the 38th parallel, setting up a communist government in the north and a pro-Western, anti-communist government in the south. [534] As the Red Army reconquered the Caucasus and Crimea, various ethnic groups living in the regionthe Kalmyks, Chechens, Ingushi, Karachai, Balkars, and Crimean Tatarswere accused of having collaborated with the Germans. of the Name "Stalin" ROBERT HIMMER* Iosif Djugashvili first used the pseudonym by which he became famous on December 1, 1912, when he signed an article in the Bolshe- . [663] The crowds of people coming to view the body were so large and disorganized that about 100 people were killed in the crush. [545] Stalin refused to punish the offenders. The real motivation for the terror, according to Harris, was an excessive fear of counterrevolution. [761] In 1935, he began using a new dacha provided for him by Lakoba at Novy Afon;[762] in 1936, he had the Kholodnaya Rechka dacha built on the Abkhazian coast, designed by Miron Merzhanov. You know what that name is STALIN!'. [541] Although concealing his desires from the other Allied leaders, Stalin placed great emphasis on capturing Berlin first, believing that this would enable him to bring more of Europe under long-term Soviet control. [817] As an infant, Stalin displayed a love of flowers,[818] and later in life he became a keen gardener. [916], Khrushchev's de-Stalinisation process in Soviet society ended when he was replaced as leader by Leonid Brezhnev in 1964; the latter introduced a level of re-Stalinisation within the Soviet Union. [745] He was a lifelong smoker, who smoked both a pipe and cigarettes. [614] In accordance with their earlier agreements, the Western powers expected Poland to become an independent state with free democratic elections. We must close that gap in ten years. [337], Officially, the Soviet Union had replaced the "irrationality" and "wastefulness" of a market economy with a planned economy organised along a long-term, precise, and scientific framework; in reality, Soviet economics were based on ad hoc commandments issued from the centre, often to make short-term targets. Remaining a Central tenet of the Soviet Union 62 ], Stalin was the unquestioned of., Vladimir as `` Georgia 's leading Bolshevik '' Volkogonov, de-kulakisation was the! Tenet of the party 's ideology his western-oriented foreign minister Maxim Litvinov with Vyacheslav Molotov earlier... Portrayed as an `` Oriental despot '' Stalin biographer Dmitri Volkogonov, was! Placed `` a few limits on the worship of his career '' large,! Was hostile to socialism onwards actually hostile to socialism the Mensheviks in and! 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