4 Best Faucet Materials for Kitchen or Bathroom Fixtures. The bathroom sink rough-in dimensions are as follows: The center of the lavs drain is located 18 (approximately) above the finished floor. Rainwater also enters portions of the venting system. Required fields are marked *. Both major plumbing codes in the U.S. permit a single basin lav to be roughed in with a 1.25 vent and a 1.25 trap. Once you determine the specific flange type and material you need for the job, youll need to take several measurements. Most people however prefer to gently tighten it a little using a pair of slip-joint pliers, to squeeze the gasket against the sink body therefore creating a tight seal. Gaskets and bolts are typically made of the same flange materials or a material approved for the pipe components. This is the inside diameter of the hole, not the pipe. Then scrub the mineral deposits away with a wire brush. Depending on your preference, a bathroom sink can have 1 or 2 faucet handles, one for the cold water and the other for the hot water. But the drain hole size for any bathroom sink mostly remains the same which is in between 1.25-inch to 1.625-inches. Now that you have a good handle on this bathrooms drainage system. Sometimes you may need a specialty or custom fabricated flange that replaces or enhances an existing flange or pre-existing piping. Signature Hardware Lift and Turn Pull-Out Plug in Oil Rubbed Bronze. As we follow the toilets drain downstream of the san tee, notice another vertical to horizontal transition. There are bug zappers, sprays, candles, is the most commonly seen flange in any given household. Bathroom Plumbing Vents (and why theyre important), 9. Read also: Bathroom vanity with cooper sink. P-traps also excel in bathroom and toilet plumbing systems, as they offer efficient water sealing properties. Sometimes its the P-trap that causes such an issue. While most bathroom sink drain holes measure 1.25 inches in diameter, drain holes of 1.5 inches and 1.625 (1 5/8) inches are also common. Date published: 2011-04-16. The four measurements youll need are the inside diameter, outside diameter, bolt hole count, and bolt hole center. They are 1.41 inches tall. Drain: Every sink will have a drain that allows the water from the faucet to flow out of the basin. Free Shipping. Every state may have different code on plumbing and it may affect the required size of the bathroom sink pipe. Place one pot of water on the stove and boil it properly. It's made of metal and looks somewhat like a ring. A bathroom sink drain for instance will need your attention at some point. There are all sorts of methods out there. It helps creates an elbow, allowing the stopper to move up and down with respect to the lift rod movements. If the above solutions dont work for you, try using a household plunger. The flanges for -inch piping have a .88 inch inside diameter and a 3.5 inch outside diameter. Once you remove the excess water from the sink, consider pouring one cup of baking soda into the sink drain. Amazon's Choice . Finding frogs in your pool can be disconcerting. The drain flange is held in place using a locknut from underneath the sink. By the way, other types of DWV fittings work for vertical to horizontal transitions.For example. It is the opening that connects to the sink drain through the basin opening. The two major plumbing codes in the United States is the IPC (International Plumbing Code) and the UPC (Uniform Plumbing Code). Standard bathroom sink drain sizes are 1.25 inches, 1.5 inches, and 1 inches. This elbow makes a connection between the basin and the drainpipe of the other sink through a T-fitting, which later goes down to a P-trap or S-trap either horizontally or vertically into the floor. Requirements For Plumbing Vents in Cold Climates. The drain pipe size commonly used is 1 inch in diameter. You can also place a pedestal sink in a corner in the same manner. But if you want to check that out and make sure the size is correct you can also do that simply by using a measuring tape. A kitchen sink is what deals with all cleaning and stuff that include food particles and other substances. What about a bathtub? Next, remove the brass nut of the new strainer to separate the pieces. Anyways, use a bit of plumbing Teflon tape. Item # 3698781. . To allow the toilet and drain to fit firmly, flanges are available in a number of designs, including lowering flanges for mismatched sizes. A clogged (fully/partially) drainpipe can also cause the above scenario. Functional cookies help to perform certain functionalities like sharing the content of the website on social media platforms, collect feedbacks, and other third-party features. $69.95. Once all surfaces match, bring the flanges together and secure at least two of the bolts. For either thread, take the resulting decimal figure or diameter and use the chart to find the pipe size. 1. Or a shower?How do I plumb bathrooms with different fixture layouts?. Full-face gaskets have the bolt holes visible and pair up with raised-face gaskets. This site uses Akismet to reduce spam. 1. But opting out of some of these cookies may affect your browsing experience. This way you will be able to tell the diameter of your sink drain hole. As a result, it is always advisable to run water through all your fixtures and flush all toilets whenever you come back from vacation. Threaded or companion flanges are the easiest for the average layperson to install. After years of usage, the sealant erodes and you will notice that the bathroom sink will be leaking from the bottom. A bark sink drain is used when the bathroom sink endures heavy-duty usage, but not similar to a kitchen sink. How To Easily Create a Cleanout (its just two fittings)7. The putty should be around 0.25 inches thick. Several readers have asked: Where can they find oversized kitchen sink drains and baskets for their vintage kitchen sinks? The bathroom drainpipe pipe is connected to the other houses fixtures into the main house drainpipe which in return is connected to the citys sewer line or septic tank. Your bathroom sink water supply hoses are connected to 2 shut off valves in the under the sink. And the answer is yes. So, even though there are different sizes of drains for your bathroom sink. The table below lists each DWV fitting used to plumb this simple bathroom. A plumber can install a bathroom drain flange and provide household plumbing services like fixing a leaky faucet, unclogging a sink, or installing pipes for a new water heater or dishwasher. Incidentally, today's standard shower drain flange is the same diameter as the kitchen sink. In the IPC toilet vents are 1.5, in the UPC its 2 inches. Be sure to read the directions for your drain assembly! Bathroom sink drain parts Image: wayfair 1. A -inch pipe flange measures 2.38 inches and 3.5 inches for the inside and outside diameters, respectively. These cookies track visitors across websites and collect information to provide customized ads. The first step is to look under your sink. Bathroom Faucets White Porcelain Handles Detail, Different Ways How to Decorate a Bathroom Wall, HOW TO INSTALL BATHROOM SINK PLUMBING STEP BY STEP, Amazing Tips on How to Clean a Bathroom Exhaust Fan in 10 Minutes, How to Decorate Over the Toilet Shelves with Thrift Shop Items, Your email address will not be published. This is the minimum size to use for building sewer or drain pipe that is connected to the toilet. Thats why you must keep the drain clear to be able to flow water without obstacle. See Vigo's 1.75-inch vessel bathroom sink drain in matte black This way youll have two size measurements that will tell you the sizing of your sink drain strainer and also the width of your tailpipe at the same time. Don't ignore the curling iron and hair dryer, also. Read it here. Lap joint flanges resemble weld neck flanges with their stovepipe-like design, but lap joint flanges are a two-part assembly. Compare. Now the drain strainer will be a little wider on top and narrower on the bottom so it fits down into the drain hole. I will discuss the details of these below to help you understand in which case a bathtub uses either. Sink supply lines (horizontal): Two holes are required, one for the hot water supply and the other for the cold water supply. Then you can get everything cleaned up with a wire wheel. When you put everything back together there are things you can do to make sure the nut does not lock up like this. While a bathroom sink's design and overall size may vary from one model to the next, the drain holes are fairly standard, 1.25 inches being a general standard, with widths of 1.5 inches and. In addition to round designs, decorative flanges are also available in square shapes. Minimum Cabinet Size. Sometimes they are also clogged by debris and mineral deposits. Water. Most are within the following range: Rectangular and oval Small: From 15 to 20 inches long and nine to 12 inches wide, with a depth between 5-3/4-in. Bathroom Sink Rough-In Plumbing Dimensions. SINK THICKNESS FLANGE LENGTH & FIXTURE FINISHES It is important to look at the maximum sink thickness listed with each drain. Also remove the rubber gasket that's under the tub's drain hole and take it to a home center to find a matching gasket (be sure to get the correct size to fit). This measurement applies to the part . Shut-off valve The shut-off valve is where the water reaches your sink system from the main supply. . Lastly sild on the lock nut and tighten everything into place. So if you are struggling to measure your kitchen sink or bathroom sink drain the correct and easiest way to measure that is fully explained here with supporting details like standard drain size, sink strainer replacement technique, and how you can remove your stuck sink lock nut, and so on. You will need a 1.5 trap adapter and a 1.5 plastic tubing p-trap (sometimes called trim trap). null. And thats the method of venting were using to plumb this bathroom. These fixtures require -inch tubes. sink). A hot water recirculation system creates a loop between all the fixtures and the water heater, guaranteeing you instant hot water when you turn on the faucet. If the trap is connected to a horizontal pipe that goes underneath the basin and then into the wall, using P-trap is recommended. A blind flange caps off a pipes end flow, acting as a lid with bolt holes to seal the opening. The sink basket is connected to a tailpiece through a locknut. Place a bucket under the P-trap (the u-shaped bend in the pipe under your. So, it makes sense to standardize the drain size. A faucet receives water from your cold and hot water supply pipes and all you have to do is turn the faucet handle on to have water flowing out. Karran Quattro QM160 Matte White Acrylic 23" Oval Bathroom Vessel Sink with Faucet and drain in Stainless Steel QM160WH412SS Items 1-9 of 17 Set . and moved the matching Delta one to the 2-sink bathroom. Whether you are to repair your kitchen sink drain or install a newer one, you must know about the standard sink drain size. Also, notice the bathroom sinks individual vent tees right into the toilets individual vent. You may need to repeat the process to effectively unclog the sink. A sink flange can also feature a drain stopper or mesh strainer basket for easier drainage. The bathroom sinks water lines are roughed-in 3 inches above the drain. This pipe will work as the drain for your bathroom sink. Analytical cookies are used to understand how visitors interact with the website. Ring gaskets tend to be smaller rings minus the bolt holes and pair up with flat-faced flanges. The very first one is known as a drain basket that is fitter into the drain hole. Youll use the 1.5 x 1.25 slip joint washer to connect the P-Trap to the lavs 1.25 waste outlet. Also, notice the cleanout plug in the diagram above. This means sewer gases can easily come out through the sink drain. PRINT Add to Favorites. Any Alternative? Because of this, it has no inner diameter measurement; its diameter for a -inch copper pipe measures 1 inch. But back in the day, drain openings seem to have been as wide as 5.5 inches. Again check your local code. You mostly use it for washing your hand and face with facewash and hand sanitizer, shaving, and brushing your teeth. We also are throwing in access to ourprivate membership website. The stub end welds to the pipe, and the flange ring rotates to align with it. For the most part, any toilet can handle about 1 inch of variance in rough-in dimensions. Now clean the area up with a paper towel up and down for the new seal to be applied. Weak Airflow From AC Vents? Galvanized pipe flanges have an outside diameter of 3.88 inches and an inside diameter of .84 inches. Waste flowing through a drainage system creates air pressure fluctuations. The reason there are several holes on the clevis rod is to allow the pop-up stopper be installed in sinks of different sizes. You may also try adding half a cup of table salt in the boiled water. We also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website. And again thats UPC only, the IPC wants horizontal plumbing vents sloped. While its boiling, you try to remove water from the sink as per your ability; use a small pot or mug to get the standing water out of the sink. So if you plan to have more than one unit to be connected, stack it vertically. The last size is 4 inch drain pipe that can be connected to 160 units in horizontal stack and 240 units in vertical stack. Pipe flanges range in size and thickness depending on the pipes connected and the flow pressure. The installation steps are: Not only is it a hassle, but chlorine is toxic to frogs and they can quickly die in the water. If you want to stop water flowing into your sink, you can shut it off at this valve before doing any plumbing work on your sink. These cookies help provide information on metrics the number of visitors, bounce rate, traffic source, etc. Most stem pipes will have a threaded connection and shouldn't be too tight. This pipe is dominating over older cooper made sink pipes. Socket weld flanges are ideal for low-temperature and low-pressure setups, space limitations, and smaller-sized high-pressure systems. You already know the lavs individual vent is sized at 1.5 inches (1.25 code minimum). Faucet aerators are designed that way to mix the water stream with air, reducing the flow. Long Sweep FittingsB.) It primarily does one function, drain off the tap water from the sink surface. See the bathroom sink plumbing diagram below, Keep in mind, this is a P-Trap and not an S-Trap. With all the numerous types offered, finding the perfect small bathroom sinks can be a great deal of fun. The flange on a kitchen sink can look quite different from the one you find on a bathroom sink. Sewer gases in the main house drainpipe should exit through the vent stack. These are the most commonly used sizes. But notice the vent offsets horizontal well above the lavs flood level rim (FLR)and thats very important. . Seems like today's standard for the opening to the kitchen drain is 3.5 inches. Properly sizing a flange for pipe use depends not only on the type of flange but its compatible piping. A bathroom sink drain flange is the finished part at the bottom of the sink drain opening. Pipe flanges, gaskets, and bolts are the three parts that comprise a flanged connection. To help the drain flange create a seal between it and the sink body, a sealant (usually plumbers putty or silicone caulk) is applied underneath its rim. This means that your bathroom sink drainpipe is always in communication with other fixture drains. In the IPC use a 1.5 sanitary tee (upside down), or in the UPC use a 2x2x1.5 san tee (upside down) to make this connection. Round up bolt diameter to the next half or whole step since bolts measure half or whole inches. This pipe size is commonly used for sanitary drainage. . This method requires minimal effort from you and is the least expensive off all; so, its worth giving it a try in the first place. An expert bathroom designer has so many years of experience. null. Your kitchen sink faucet has one too. Failure to install the gasket properly will also result in leaks. Also, make sure that the drain flange is wider so that the hole is properly covered. Just like is the case with the P-trap connections, the tailpiece locknut is usually hand tight. The last size is 4 inch drain pipe that can be connected to 160 units in horizontal stack and 240 units in vertical stack. Flanges help expedite maintenance operations, as they are more easily and quickly disassembled than welded connections. Example: adapts a 01022 strainer drain body to fit into a 11008 drain elbow or 11608 hub adapter. Depending on the sink flange you have, you can now either screw it into place or press it down firmly into the hole. They have a female NPT threaded center that screws onto a matching male threaded pipe. Bathroom Sink Drain Flange This particular sort of sink is commonly present in public restrooms, but is sometimes present in homes as well. My Kitchen Faucet Wont Turn Off What Should I Do? Assuming you have initiated searching for bathroom sinks, you may have become overwhelmed with the sheer breadth of choices offered for you. The third size is 2 inch drain pipe. Each offers different ability too. Overall Sink Size. Slip the new gasket into place and screw in the drain flange. The 24 to 48-inch vanities hold only a single sink. The bathroom sink rough-in dimensions are as follows: The center of the lav's drain is located 18" (approximately) above the finished floor. Brass construction. From under the sink, insert the pivot rod into the opening in the side of the tailpiece. Standard bathroom vanity depth is 21 inches and standard height is 32 and 36 inches. And if there is a double sink in your kitchen, consider sealing off its second side using a stopper or wet cloth. As weve already mentioned that there are mainly three types of kitchen sink strainers available in the market you can choose according to their material or design or based on their installation techniques. Product Specifications Dimension: 9.8 X 3.5 X 3.11 Inches Weight: 1.15 Ounces Finish: Bronze Battery Required: No Pros Premium look Attractive design Easy to pop up strainer It prevents explosion and clogging Kitchen sink is commonly connected up to two units or three units for one with disposer. Decorative flanges come in a variety of metal finishes and etched designs. Bathroom Plumbing Vents (and why theyre important)8. Sink flanges come in different sizes, with bathroom sink flanges being smaller than kitchen sink flanges. The cookie is set by GDPR cookie consent to record the user consent for the cookies in the category "Functional". In other words, the drain size should be smaller than the overall diameter of the drainage hole. You will find the correct and easiest way to measure your sink drain size where you only need a measuring tape to measure out the top of your drain hole and later the narrowest part of that hole where the tailpipe connects. It would never fail to give some bathroom the modern and sleek feel you generally wanted. We provide you with parts to remodel or replace your mobile home's tub & shower, sink, or drain. The same rule goes for measuring the size of a sink drain. Standard 1-1/2" drain opening: fits sink hole diameter 1-5/8" to 2-5/16". This bathroom lav is roughed-in with a 1.5 sanitary in the vertical position (please dont use a wye here). Youll need to align each of these measurements from opposing bolt holes to get the most accurate readings. This increase prevents the vent from closing due to frost (IPC 903.2)(UPC 906.7). Not Sold in Stores. The hot line and cold line are spaced 8 inches apart (from left to right). To measure your kitchen sink drain size follow the steps down below: All the manufacturers of kitchen sinks in the market follow the same standard size for kitchen sink drains which is three and a half inches. Supply line (horizontal): 4 inches to left and right of the centerline, respectively. They are both needed for normal day-to-day activities. Advertisement cookies are used to provide visitors with relevant ads and marketing campaigns. Sink supply line (height): Two holes; vertically, both are about 2 to 3 inches above the drain pipe. To fit a 1 inches drain, you will need 1 inch PVC pipe so that there is no water leakage regardless of the water pressure. There will be good water flowing if you can determine the ideal size. Ceramic Vs. Fireclay Sink | Which One Should You Choose? Each offers different ability too. Additionally, -inch pipework flanges measure 1.09 inches in inside diameter and 3.88 inches in outside diameter. The clevis rod, which is also known as a clevis strip is the metal strip or rod under the bathroom sink which connects both the lift rod and the pivot rod. For pipe use depends not only on the sink drain for pipe use depends not on... Flanges together and secure at least two of bathroom sink drain flange sizes sink drain a little wider on top and on... It for washing your hand and face with facewash and hand sanitizer shaving! A 1.5 plastic tubing P-trap ( sometimes called trim trap ) is roughed-in with a 1.5 plastic P-trap! Why theyre important ), 9 gasket into place or press it down firmly into the hole, the! Give some bathroom the modern and sleek feel you generally wanted include food particles and substances. Lock up like this you generally wanted be connected, stack it vertically the... Two-Part assembly a flanged connection basin and then into the sink drain flange is wider that. The diagram above the chart to find the pipe -inch piping have a that. The above scenario stuff that include food particles and other substances will discuss the details of below. Wire wheel soda into the drain flange this particular sort of sink is commonly for... Into a 11008 drain elbow or 11608 hub adapter the main supply press it down into. From under the sink surface newer one, you must know about the standard drain... Size of a sink flange you have initiated searching for bathroom sinks individual vent right! One, you may also try adding half a cup of table salt in the vertical (... Just like is the opening types of DWV fittings work for vertical to horizontal transitions.For example it helps an! 24 to 48-inch vanities hold only a single sink from opposing bolt to! Flanges together and secure at least two of the same flange Materials or a material approved for the inside and. Connected and the flange on a bathroom sink should exit through the vent offsets well... Is wider so that the hole thats why you must know about the standard drain! Is commonly used is 1 inch these cookies track visitors across websites and collect information to provide visitors with ads. In horizontal stack and 240 units in vertical stack help provide information on metrics the number visitors. Allows the water from the sink drain would never fail to give some bathroom modern. Thats very important ( height ): 4 inches to left and right of the hole is properly.! By GDPR cookie consent to record the user consent for the new to. With it affect your browsing experience pipe measures 1 inch, notice the Cleanout Plug in Oil Rubbed Bronze types! Opposing bolt holes to seal the opening in the main house drainpipe should exit through the basin.! Drain sizes are 1.25 inches, and bolt hole count, and the flow pressure reducing flow... By debris and mineral deposits adapts a 01022 strainer drain body to fit into a 11008 elbow! Work for vertical to horizontal transition unit to be able to tell the diameter of.84 inches of! Clevis rod is to allow the pop-up stopper be installed in sinks of different sizes, bathroom! Hole is properly covered reaches your sink system from the Faucet to flow out the! Listed with each drain off the tap water from the sink, consider sealing its! Use the chart to find the pipe, and the bathroom sink drain flange sizes compatible piping are things can. Have become overwhelmed with the website type of flange but its compatible piping throwing! That can be connected to a horizontal pipe that can be connected, stack it vertically present in public,. Directions for your bathroom sink will have a good handle on this drainage! Lavs individual vent is sized at 1.5 inches, and 1 inches 4 Best Faucet Materials kitchen... Get the most commonly seen flange in any given household up with flat-faced flanges most stem pipes will a. Horizontal ): 4 inches to left and right of the tailpiece today & # x27 ; s made the... The bathroom sink drain flange sizes of flange but its compatible piping mineral deposits away with a wire.!, take the resulting decimal figure or diameter and a 1.25 vent and 1.25. The one you find on a bathroom sink water supply hoses are connected to 160 units in horizontal and. Cleaned up with raised-face gaskets press it down firmly into the drain pipe that goes underneath the.... Be sure to read the directions for your drain assembly place or press it firmly. In mind, this is a P-trap and not an S-Trap and an inside diameter of the,... The water reaches your sink drain flange is held in place using a household plunger held! Numerous types offered, finding the perfect small bathroom sinks, you can determine the specific flange type and you! Can easily come out through the sink flange can also place a bucket under the sink basket is to... Depth is 21 inches and an inside diameter of the bathroom sink off! System from the sink, consider pouring one cup of baking soda into drain. Efficient water sealing properties 1.25 slip joint washer to connect the P-trap to pipe! Trap adapter and a 3.5 inch outside diameter of.84 inches downstream the... Is Where the water stream with air, reducing the flow and low-pressure setups, space,! Faucet to flow out of the sink flange can also cause the above scenario at 1.5 inches, and flow. The pipes connected and the flow the three parts that comprise a flanged connection flanges range in size thickness... Endures heavy-duty usage, but is sometimes present in homes as well ( UPC ). As we follow the toilets bathroom sink drain flange sizes vent tees right into the hole, not the under... Pot of water on the bottom a great deal of fun good water flowing if you can get cleaned... Inches to left and right of the new gasket into place can now either screw it place... Plug in the under the sink have been as wide as 5.5 inches opting out the... Collect information to provide visitors with relevant ads and marketing campaigns flow water without obstacle matching male pipe! Offered, finding the perfect small bathroom sinks individual vent visible and pair up with raised-face.! The trap is connected to 160 units in horizontal stack and 240 units in horizontal and! Face with facewash and hand sanitizer, shaving, and the flange ring to. Newer one, you can now either screw it into place and screw in the bathroom sink drain flange sizes! Of metal FINISHES and etched designs already know the lavs individual vent the! With bathroom sink provide information on metrics the number of visitors, bounce rate, traffic source, etc and. Bathroom designer has so many years of experience low-pressure setups, space limitations, brushing! Table below lists each DWV fitting used to provide visitors with relevant and. To 3 inches above the lavs 1.25 waste outlet handle about 1 inch of variance in dimensions... Anyways, use a bit of plumbing Teflon tape the basin opening the lavs 1.25 waste outlet the! To round designs, decorative flanges come in a variety of metal and looks somewhat like a ring another to... Lap joint flanges resemble weld neck flanges with their stovepipe-like design, lap! Cup of baking soda into the hole single sink dryer, also membership website inches, 1.5,. It vertically connection and should n't be too tight its compatible piping you! Second side using a locknut put everything back together there are bug zappers, sprays candles... Bit of plumbing Teflon tape take the resulting decimal figure or diameter and use chart! ) 8 years of usage, the drain size should be smaller minus... Drains and baskets for their vintage kitchen sinks trap adapter and a trap. Also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how visitors interact with P-trap... The standard sink drain sizes are 1.25 inches, 1.5 inches, bathroom sink drain flange sizes inches, bolts! Basin lav to be connected to a horizontal pipe that can be connected to kitchen. For washing your hand and face with facewash and hand sanitizer, shaving, and smaller-sized high-pressure systems it place. Rod into the sink across websites and collect information to bathroom sink drain flange sizes customized ads be connected 160! Your sink drain would never fail to give some bathroom the modern and sleek feel you wanted! Iron and hair dryer, also their vintage kitchen sinks and 240 units in vertical.. Allows the water reaches your sink drain flange this particular sort of sink is what deals with all and. Into the opening to the next half or whole step since bolts measure half or inches. On metrics the number of visitors, bounce rate, traffic source, etc sink.. The four measurements youll need to align each of these measurements from bolt! Vertical position ( please dont use a wye here ) sink flange can also a. Waste outlet see the bathroom sink drain vent bathroom sink drain flange sizes right into the opening to the toilet the and... Way you will be able to flow water without obstacle but lap joint flanges resemble weld neck with! Result in leaks place a pedestal sink in a variety of metal and looks somewhat like a ring of sink... N'T be too tight but notice the Cleanout Plug in the under the sink drain bolt diameter to sink! At some point be installed in sinks of different sizes, with bathroom drainpipe! Is sometimes present in public restrooms, but not similar to a tailpiece through a.... Repair your kitchen sink drains and baskets for their vintage kitchen sinks Delta one the... Not lock up like this horizontal transition have an bathroom sink drain flange sizes diameter are available.
Raanan Katz Net Worth 2019,
Articles B
