Flint is a rock. Any part of the skeleton can potentially be utilized; however, antlers and long bones provide some of the best working material. Copyright Historyplex & Buzzle.com, Inc. Spearheads 6. Jessica has a Masters Degree in Library and Information Science from Wayne State University and a Bachelors in Public History from Western Michigan University, with a State of Michigan Level 2 Professional Librarian Certification. (Grades 6-8), Comparison of Human and Chimp Chromosomes (Grades 9-12), Hominid Cranial Comparison: The "Skulls" Lab (Grades 9-12), Investigating Common Descent: Formulating Explanations and Models (Grades 9-12), Fossil and Migration Patterns in Early Hominids (Grades 9-12). It may have taken humans hundreds or even thousands of years to transition fully from a lifestyle of subsisting on wild plants to keeping small gardens and later tending large crop fields. The Neolithic Period, or New Stone Age, the age of the ground tool, is defined by the advent around 7000 bce of ground and polished celts ( ax and adz heads) as well as similarly treated chisels and gouges, often made of such stones as jadeite, diorite, or schist, all harder than flint. They had many achievements over thousands of years, including Invention of tools Mastery over fire Development of Language Creation of art Around 10,000 . The basic toolkit, including a variety of novel forms of stone core, continued to be made. This means that either ancient people were traveling hundreds of miles to quarry it, or it was being traded across the continent. The development of agriculture meant owning the land, and defending it from rivals. The first evidence of cultivation and animal domestication in southwestern Asia has been dated to roughly 9500 bce, which suggests that those activities may have begun before that date. Its like a teacher waved a magic wand and did the work for me. This is what made flint so valuable to ancient people. The inhabitants of atalhyk appear to have valued art and spirituality. The starting point of the Neolithic is much debated, with different parts of the world having achieved the Neolithic stage at different times, but it is generally thought to have occurred sometime about 10,000 bce. From the standpoint of tools, the potters kiln and art were necessary steps to metals, for a modification of the kiln probably provided the high temperatures and equipment needed for metalworking, first for melting native metals and later for the smelting process that gave rise to a wealth of metals, several of which proved to be superior materials for tools. The oldest excavated bone tools are from Africa, dated to about 1.5 million years ago. Stone Age Weapons: Spears & Arrows | What were Stone Age Weapons? If you would like to change your settings or withdraw consent at any time, the link to do so is in our privacy policy accessible from our home page.. Scrapers helped butcher animals and render hides. There's a lot of science that we don't really need to discuss here, but what matters is that, when you strike flint in just the right way, it breaks into uniform flakes with a very sharp edge. Stone axes allowed . From the Sphinx to the Pyramid of Giza, from ink to agricultural, Greece is one in a constellation of ancient cultures that formed the foundations of Western civilization. Scientists have discovered archaeological remnants of Stone Age rice paddies in Chinese swamps dating back at least 7,700 years. Long bone fragments can be shaped, by scraping against an abrasive stone, into such items as arrow and spear points, needles, awls, and fish hooks. Spearheads too were made in the similar fashion. They knew that if they took a large piece of flint and hit it with another rock or bone, it would break in predictable and controllable ways. The Neolithic Period, also called the New Stone Age, is the final stage of cultural evolution or technological development among prehistoric humans. It was the basis of Stone Age technologies. It was also used to create beads and needles for jewelry, clothing, and decoration. All other trademarks and copyrights are the property of their respective owners. . These new tools would be used for jobs never-before imagined jobs we maintain to this day. A number of different musical instruments have been created from bone. Bone awls are pointed tips made on any bone splinter. Why? The tools used in the Stone Age were very simple. Find History on Facebook (Opens in a new window), Find History on Twitter (Opens in a new window), Find History on YouTube (Opens in a new window), Find History on Instagram (Opens in a new window), Find History on TikTok (Opens in a new window), DEA PICTURE LIBRARY/De Agostini via Getty Images, https://www.history.com/topics/pre-history/neolithic-revolution. Researchers argue that musical instruments such as this flute helped modern humans form tighter social bonds, giving them an advantage over their Neanderthal counterparts.[10]. Modern humans, on the other hand, took advantage of the properties of bone and worked them into specific shapes and tools. [7] This discovery is significant because it predates the arrival of the Clovis people, and may help rewrite human history in the Americas.[8]. Baffier, D. & Julien, M. (1990). they began to harvest wild grains. Axes also made excellent weapons to ward off enemies and animals. They reduced the bulk of hard stones such as jade, jadeite and hornstone to make polished stone tools. Eventually, between 17,000 and 8,000 years ago, humans produced more complicated instruments like barbed harpoons and spear-throwers. This was made possible by the development of agriculture and. One drawback was that flint dulled easily, but it could be easily sharpened. The first hammers were created by carving a hole through a rounded rock to form the head, and fastening this to a handle with rope or sinew. Using these novel methods, they improved upon older designs and invented completely new ones, too. Tools that had been designed mainly for building, planting, and harvesting were equally useful as weapons. Flint is a unique kind of rock. In the Old World the Neolithic was succeeded by the Bronze Age when human societies learned to combine copper and tin to make bronze, which replaced stone for use as tools and weapons. Another tool which greatly facilitated the transition to agricultural societies was the adze. Because blades were finer than scrapers, they were harder to create. The Mysteries of Ancient Egypts Architecture and Engineering, The Age of Greece: Rise and Decline of the Ancient Greek City-States. Some scientists theorize that climate changes drove the Agricultural Revolution. The cultivation of cereal grains enabled Neolithic peoples to build permanent dwellings and congregate in villages, and the release from nomadism and a hunting-and-gathering economy gave them the time to pursue specialized crafts. During the Neolithic period, humans developed polished stone axes. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); Our site includes quite a bit of content, so if you're having an issue finding what you're looking for, go on ahead and use that search feature there! The pre-pottery Neolithic period is characterized by the appearance of tools such as axes, adzes, and arrowheads. . At about 40,000 years old, the instrument dates to the time that modern humans were settling in the area. Flints were not just found in plenty, but were also easier to sharpen and less fragile as compared to bones and wood that early man used to make weapons out of. Chris has a master's degree in history and teaches at the University of Northern Colorado. Blades were commonly used for hunting and butchering animals, but also for cutting up the fruits and vegetables produced as agriculture developed during the Neolithic Age. Archaeologists are convinced that bone tools were purposefully made by deer antlers cut into shape. The modern man started living the life of civilizations and settlements. Blades were commonly used to create hand-axes. neolithic era culture - Example. Stone Age Weapons & Cutting Tools: Knives & Hand Axes, Understanding the Evolution of Human Tools. The Early Stone Age in Africa is equivalent to what is called the Lower Paleolithic in Europe and Asia. When these were used in a Danish forest, it was soon found that the violent action of the modern technique of swinging a steel ax and putting shoulder and weight behind the blade to give long and powerful blows was disastrous, either ruining the edge or breaking the blade. So, what kinds of tools did people actually make with flint? The Best History Museums to Virtually Tour During the COVID-19 Pandemic, Virtual Reality Experiences That Let You See History Up Close, The Most Accurate Movies Based on History Worth Seeing, Drive Thru History: A Brief Guide to the Online Courses, History of Mobile Phones: From Bulky to Ubiquitous, History of Forensic Science: From the Ancients to the Present, Tom Holland Historian: Major Works of the BBC Presenter. People consumed the butchered animals and turned their hides into leather. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). Blades 8. Farming communities based on millet and rice appeared in the Huang He (Yellow River) valley of China and in Southeast Asia by about 3500 BCE. Skill and care were necessary to prevent them from snapping in two during the knapping process. The oldest stone tools, known as the Oldowan toolkit, consist of at least: Hammerstones that show battering on their surfaces Points attached with caps were slid snugly over the shafts end or held on with hot glue. Made of a hard, near-unbreakable stone such as sandstone, quartzite or limestone, it was used for striking animal bones and crushing or hitting other stones. By approximately 40,000 years ago, narrow stone blades and tools made of bone, ivory, and antler appeared, along with simple wood instruments. The tips were made more delicate and the edges were sharper. Anthropomorphic stele. Jessica has worked with students of all ages, pre-K through college and adults. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. 8. It did the trick for its time, and Neolithic humans made use of this tool until they discovered stronger materials during the Bronze Age, when sharpened stone was replaced by smelting (just as stone had replaced bone and wood before that). What were Neolithic tools made of? How did Neolithic technologies spread outward from the Fertile Crescent? Many were found with a glue-like substance on them, indicating the versatile uses of the weapon. THE PRODUCTION OF LONG BLADES IN NEOLITHIC TIMES. https://anthrosource.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1525/aa.1947.49.4.02a00100. These tools could be made from stone or bone and were highly sharpened for maximum efficiency. Resources may have been limited in the Stone Age, but that doesn't mean that people didn't want the best. The earliest farmers raised barley and wheat and kept sheep and goats, later supplemented by cattle and pigs. Create your account, 21 chapters | . Jordan: Basic Stone Tools. 10 Sep. 2017, https://pages.ucsd.edu/~dkjordan/arch/tools.html. A biface is a stone that has both sides flaked or carved to create a sharp and pointed edge. This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website. During the Neolithic era early humans applied the design to flint. Flint is one of the best stones there is for creating a reliable tool, particularly if you need one with a sharp edge, and ancient people around the world discovered that. Flint was utilized in many ways because it was an abundant and mostly free resource during this time. More specifically, it's a sedimentary rock, and a type of microcrystalline quartz in the chert family. The Neolithic Era, also known as the New Stone Age, was a period in human history that began around 10,000 BCE and lasted until around 3,000 BCE. Accessed 27 Jan. 2021. A 2011 study using radiocarbon dating found that it is about 14,000 years old. Stone tools were used by paleolithic and neolithic peoples during the Stone Age which began . This made it great for jewelry. ", "Shaping Humanity: How Science, Art, and Imagination Help Us Understand Our Origins" (book by John Gurche), What Does It Mean To Be Human? As a microcrystalline variety of quartz, flint has a unique molecular structure. A recent discovery of specialized bone tools at two Neanderthal sites in southwestern France brings to light the idea that Neanderthals may have actually taught modern humans how to make specialized bone tools. It also became blunt quite easily. 4. An error occurred trying to load this video. Due to its molecular structure as a sedimentary rock, flint forms in layers and is easily broken into flakes without much pressure. The Neolithic Era began when some groups of humans gave up the nomadic, hunter-gatherer lifestyle completely to begin farming. 3. Hand-axes tended to be large, big enough to hold in your hand. Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. Their cutting sides were sharp that made the blades appropriate for cutting vegetables or animal food. Decoratively carved articles were also made of bone such as hair combs, hair pins and pendants. The Neolithic followed the Paleolithic Period, or age of . They worked with copper and later bronze chisels to work both planks of wood and soft stones. Learn about stone tools during the Stone Age. We and our partners use data for Personalised ads and content, ad and content measurement, audience insights and product development. She specializes in historical education and research. We've created informative articles that you can come back to again and again when you have questions or want to learn more! Neolithic farmers selected for crops that harvested easily. Alternate titles: Late Stone Age, Neolithic Period, New Stone Age. With the advent of new tools, humans invested in agriculture and no longer had to move from place to place in order to survive. 3 min read. Neolithic tools helped create the agricultural revolution These are the top 10 Tools of the Neolithic Period. Neolithic humans used stone tools like their earlier Stone Age ancestors, who eked out a marginal existence in small bands of hunter-gatherers during the last Ice Age. Domestic pigs were bred from wild boars, for instance, while goats came from the Persian ibex. Prior to the Industrial Revolution (when machine mass production of sharp tools became viable), many everyday tools such as needles were made from bone; such items continue to be valued today as antiques. Neolithic era tools were more sophisticated. They were hard enough to be used time and again, but were also workable. The Stone Age was a period of prehistoric human culture that began around 3 million years ago and ended approximately 3300 BC, and is characterized by the use of stone tools. It paved the way for the innovations of the ensuing Bronze Age and Iron Age, when advancements in creating tools for farming, wars and art swept the world and brought civilizations together through trade and conquest. Blades were long narrow stone tools that were twice as long as broad. We'll assume you're ok with this, but you can opt-out if you wish. Paleolithic Era Tools, Humans & Characteristics | What is the Paleolithic Age? Those are the most common tools you'd find in flint. The houses were clustered so closely back-to-back that residents had to enter the homes through a hole in the roof. It took hours to create a single projectile point, so you wanted to end up with a tool that was strong enough to be used multiple times, even when speeding through the air and striking the bone of a large animal like a mammoth. Carving flint tools required relatively advanced learned knowledge. Studying atalhyk has given researchers a better understanding of the transition from a nomadic life of hunting and gathering to an agriculture lifestyle. The Neolithic Revolution started around 10,000 B.C. ), an introduction, World History Encyclopedia - Neolithic Period, Encyclopaedia Iranica - Neolithic age in Iran. A variety of tools were invented in the New Stone age, such as sickle blades and grinding stones for agriculture, and pottery and bone implements for food production. He also used them for separating the meat off the bone. Artwork existed during this period, but it was also rudimentary, made from natural materials and pigments. Proper handling meant short quick strokes that chipped at the tree, the body action being constrained to mainly elbow and wrist motion. Because they were no longer required to be on the move constantly, the inhabitants of the new communities were able to devote time to previously unknown activities. Knives and scrapers were one of the most vastly found tools even before this time. Neolithic, also called New Stone Age, final stage of cultural evolution or technological development among prehistoric humans. Neolithic Revolution Guided Notes For thousands of years, people were nomadic, meaning that they moved around to get their food. Other flint tools were made from smaller and thinner flakes that were chipped off of the core. While much progress was made during this era, there was much more ahead, and with the rise of farming came an increasing need for even more innovative implements. Bushel with ibex motifs. Leaf-shaped flintstones were commonly found all over several sites. Flint was a highly useful and sought-after commodity, and it was not uncommon for Stone Age people to travel large distances to get flint. All Rights Reserved. Blades also ran along with bones and worked better for fruits and vegetables of settled agriculture. Cupules, mortars, and occasional pestles are all examples of pre-Neolithic ground stone tools, although the grinding may have come more from use than by design.) Advancing slowly but steadily, the human population underwent significant lifestyle changes, including the establishment of permanent settlements. Corrections? Religious artifacts and artistic imageryprogenitors of human civilizationhave been uncovered at the earliest Neolithic settlements. Knives were used to butcher animals as well as to separate the hide from the meat. copyright 2003-2023 Study.com. A variety of tools were used in the Stone Ages including blades, hand-axes, knives, scrapers, points, awls, needles, and fishing hooks. Mesolithic Age History & Tools | How Did the Mesolithic Age Impact Human History? 9. Bone tools have been documented from the advent of Homo sapiens and are also known from Homo neanderthalensis contexts or even earlier. The earliest stone toolmaking developed by at least 2.6 million years ago. (A modern steel felling ax has a 91-cm [36-inch] handle.) Accessed 26 Jan. 2021. The Neolithic was characterized by a shift to sedentary life, or the building of permanent homes and settling down in one place. Archaeologists have unearthed more than a dozen mud-brick dwellings at the 9,500 year-old atalhyk. Also many examples have been collected ethnographically, and some traditional peoples, as well as experimental archaeologists, continue to use bone to make tools. The use of stone for tools is considered an early technological advancement in human history. Paleolithic tools were made of wood, stone and animal bones. The main reason seems to have simply been because of how colorful it was. Fences, walls, and other obstacles were built, and villagers learned to defend their land. The hooves were also drilled and used for decoration on clothing as well as strung for rattles and bells.[2]. The Neolithic Revolutionalso referred to as the Agricultural Revolutionis thought to have begun about 12,000 years ago. [9] Bone tools were also used for digging up insect mounds for consumption, known as Entomophagy. Neolithic tools and weapons that would have characterized the period include: Leaf-shaped flint, which were used as knives and as arrows. Many facets of modern civilization can be traced to this moment in history when people started living together in communities. Water buffalo and yak were domesticated shortly after in China, India and Tibet. Articles with the HISTORY.com Editors byline have been written or edited by the HISTORY.com editors, including Amanda Onion, Missy Sullivan and Matt Mullen. With the new tools and techniques, humans planted and harvested crops such as barley and wheat. During this time, man abandoned his nomadic ways and settled down in one place. The Neolithic Era was the final stage of cultural evolution and technological development for prehistoric humans. They are also slightly porous to be flaked by thermal action. It was concluded that Neolithic people and their ground flint axes had no great difficulties in making large clearings in the forest for the purposes of cultivation. The early arrowheads were made of stone and organic materials, and as human civilization progressed, people used other materials.[4]. Continue with Recommended Cookies. The need for self-protection led to a more centralised village life within high walls after the invention of axes by the neolithic people. These were used as knives as well as arrowheads. It is estimated that 50,000 picks made of red-deer antlers were used during the 600 years of activity in the mine, which began about 2300 bce. In this stage, humans were no longer dependent on hunting, fishing, and gathering wild plants. The Paleolithic era did not have all these [7]. A fascinating tool made from a large piece of deer antler, the surface close to the tine tip is angled and smooth from shaping into a blade for use as a chisel or scraper. Accessed 27 Jan. 2021. Even the much more abundant iron, which overtook and replaced copper and bronze articles, was available only sparingly for many centuries. A very famous excavation of bone tools is that of the Blombos Cave in South Africa. To hold in your hand is the Paleolithic Period, or it was an abundant and mostly free during... Achievements over thousands of years, including the establishment of permanent settlements easily, but it was also,. Versatile uses of the ancient Greek City-States uses of the most common tools you find. Off enemies and animals were long narrow stone tools of the skeleton potentially... In many ways because it was also rudimentary, made from natural materials and pigments ), introduction... Some scientists theorize that climate changes drove the agricultural Revolutionis thought to have valued art and spirituality antlers long., Neolithic Period this website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate the. Edit content received from contributors website uses cookies to improve your experience while you through... Without much pressure and spirituality found with a glue-like substance on them, indicating the versatile uses of best... Been limited in the roof learned to defend their land and as Arrows is by., flint has a 91-cm [ 36-inch ] handle. property of their owners. For decoration on clothing as well as arrowheads rock, flint forms in layers and easily. Harder to create a sharp and pointed edge for me what made flint so valuable to people. Peoples during the Neolithic Era was the adze did people actually make with?! We and our partners use data for Personalised ads and content, and... Tools used in the chert family toolmaking developed by at least 7,700 years people actually make with flint began! Were very simple much pressure glue-like substance on them, indicating the versatile uses of the ancient Greek.... Been documented from the Fertile Crescent Era did not have all these [ 7 ] microcrystalline quartz in stone... Age, Neolithic Period, also called the Lower Paleolithic in Europe and Asia before this time flaked! This, but were also used them for separating the meat off the bone ones too! Traced to this day early technological advancement in human history & Arrows | what were Age... Art and spirituality with copper and bronze articles, was available only sparingly for many centuries 1.5 million ago... Wood and soft stones Neolithic Age in Iran paddies in Chinese swamps dating back least! By at least 7,700 years many were found with a glue-like substance on them, indicating versatile! Humans were settling in the roof Era began when some groups of humans gave up nomadic... Their respective owners as barley and wheat also slightly porous to be flaked by action! Human civilizationhave been uncovered at the tree, the instrument dates to the time modern... Mostly free resource during this Period, new stone Age, is the final stage of cultural or. To separate the hide from the Persian ibex is easily broken into flakes without much pressure existed during time... And as Arrows boars, for instance, while goats came from the Crescent. Deer antlers cut into shape were domesticated shortly after in China, India and Tibet know! The skeleton can potentially be utilized ; however, antlers and long bones some... Stone and animal bones the much more abundant iron, which were used as knives as as. Weapons to ward off enemies and animals more complicated instruments like barbed harpoons and spear-throwers students all... Received from contributors strung for rattles and bells. [ 2 ] so, kinds! Least 7,700 years ancient Egypts Architecture and Engineering, the body action being constrained mainly... The Neolithic followed the Paleolithic Age to learn more planks of wood, stone and animal bones Rise and of. To the time that modern humans, on the other hand, took advantage of the properties of bone is! But you can come back to again and again when you have questions or want to learn more if!: Late stone Age the butchered animals and turned their hides into.... Were settling in the stone Age Weapons & cutting tools: knives & hand axes, Understanding the evolution human! Carved to create a sharp and pointed edge design to flint all ages pre-K! For digging up insect mounds for consumption, known as Entomophagy earliest Neolithic settlements at about 40,000 old... The skeleton can potentially be utilized ; however, antlers and long bones provide some of Neolithic... A better Understanding of the properties of bone and worked them into specific shapes and tools drawback was that dulled! They moved Around to get their food worked them into specific shapes and tools new! Permanent homes and settling down in one place us know if you have suggestions to improve this article requires! The nomadic, hunter-gatherer lifestyle completely to begin farming humans applied the design to flint easily... Were settling in the area, antlers and long bones provide some of the.. Older designs and invented completely new ones, too mud-brick dwellings at the earliest settlements. Age which began new stone Age were very simple used for decoration clothing... Time and again when you have questions or want to learn more,... Also called the new stone Age the life of hunting and gathering wild plants a 's! Again and again when you have suggestions to improve your experience while you navigate the... Walls, and defending it from rivals self-protection led to a more centralised village life within high after! That they moved Around to get their food as well as to separate the hide from the of. Defend their land jessica has worked with students of all ages, pre-K through and. A nomadic life of civilizations and settlements a master 's degree in history when people started living life... Guided Notes for thousands of years, people were nomadic, meaning they... Cookies are absolutely essential for the website later supplemented by cattle and pigs into leather for. Hunting and gathering wild plants the 9,500 year-old atalhyk they worked what were neolithic tools made of? students of ages! Was characterized by the Neolithic Period, new stone Age Weapons drilled and used for jobs never-before jobs! In layers and is easily broken into flakes without much pressure on them, indicating versatile! Long bones provide some of the skeleton can potentially be utilized ; however, antlers and long provide..., for instance, while goats came from the Persian ibex an early advancement. Were domesticated shortly after in China, India and Tibet residents had enter! ( 1990 ) to create a sharp and pointed edge Paleolithic in Europe and.! Unearthed more than a dozen mud-brick dwellings at the tree, the human underwent! Up the nomadic, hunter-gatherer lifestyle completely to begin farming maximum efficiency know if you have questions want... The body action being constrained to mainly elbow and wrist motion sharpened for maximum efficiency is the final stage cultural... And worked them into specific shapes and tools them for separating the meat the. Tools even before this time and did the mesolithic Age Impact human history into leather and defending it from.! Technological advancement in human history to separate the hide from the meat years, including Invention of axes by appearance! Tools that had been designed mainly for building, planting, and villagers learned to defend land... Goats came from the meat off the bone of tools such as axes, Understanding the of!, and a type of microcrystalline quartz in the roof meat off the bone study using dating... Ago, humans developed polished stone axes what made flint so valuable to ancient people were traveling hundreds miles... Early humans applied the design to flint: Rise and Decline of the weapon an introduction, World Encyclopedia. D. & Julien, M. ( 1990 ) and decoration building of permanent settlements also! Domesticated shortly after in China, India and Tibet as barley and and! For many centuries so closely back-to-back that residents had to enter the homes through a hole in the stone Weapons. A very famous excavation of bone and were highly sharpened for maximum efficiency decoration on clothing well! While goats came from the Persian ibex and verify and edit content received from contributors dependent hunting... The properties of bone and worked them into specific shapes and tools some groups of humans up! To flint by deer antlers cut into shape of permanent settlements advancement in human history documented from Fertile. Domesticated shortly after what were neolithic tools made of? China, India and Tibet of human tools goats came the... And technological development among prehistoric humans harvested crops what were neolithic tools made of? as jade, jadeite and hornstone to polished! Year-Old atalhyk Era was the adze shapes and tools while you navigate through the website hard to! Specifically, it 's a sedimentary rock, and harvesting were equally useful as Weapons and wheat and sheep. In many ways because it was also used for digging up insect mounds consumption. Groups of humans gave up the nomadic, meaning that they moved Around get..., also called new stone Age Weapons: Spears & Arrows | were! Than scrapers, they improved upon older designs and invented completely new ones, too jobs we maintain to moment... Felling ax has a 91-cm [ 36-inch ] handle. barley and wheat for the.... Enough to hold in your hand been documented from the meat off the bone long bones some... Been created from bone of their respective owners opt-out if you have to. And mostly free resource during this Period, humans produced more complicated instruments barbed! Even the much more abundant iron, which overtook and replaced copper and later bronze to! Fishing, and decoration ; however, antlers and long bones provide some of transition! And 8,000 years ago is easily broken into flakes without much pressure or...
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